Index

Adoratrices, convent of the, 157

agriculture

in Asturias, 20, 24, 25

and collective action, 59–60, 67–8, 160, 196–7

in Spain, 24–5, 109

see also land reform

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto, 43, 93, 108, 127, 178, 197

Alfonso XIII, King, 7, 8, 42, 151

Alianza Obrera, see Workers’ Alliance

Aller, 23, 27, 32, 43, 54, 58, 62, 63, 77, 83, 90, 91, 104, 105, 113, 170, 185, 194, 201–2, 206

in October 1934, 133, 149

anarchism, 7, 9, 31–2, 35, 52, 88, 103, 115, 121, 124–5, 161, 184

and Communism, 32, 36, 37, 71–4, 99, 134–5

FAI, 31, 45, 117

in October 1934, 131, 132, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145, 150

and the Republic, 44–5, 66, 205

and socialism, 31, 37, 56, 71–4, 80–1, 95, 99, 176

see also CNT, SUM; unity; Workers’ Alliance

Andalusia, 24, 25, 26, 40, 46, 73, 75, 95, 131, 196, 197, 214

anticlericalism, 33, 34, 38–9, 40, 43, 46, 72, 75, 76, 77, 79, 101, 165

and gender, 73, 102

and intra-left rivalry, 36, 71, 73–4, 187

and October 1934, 139–40, 141, 142, 143

and violence, 2, 37, 46, 79, 80, 102, 112–13, 126, 200–1

Antuña, Graciano, 81, 163, 177, 195

Aranda, Antonio, 207–8, 209

Araquistáin, Luis, 43, 167

Arboleya, Maximiliano, 32, 171

Arlt, Roberto, 19, 23, 155

arms, 121, 126, 132, 134, 148, 153, 160, see also searches

army, 7, 207

and military manoeuvres, 169, 179

and right-wing politics, 168–9

and repression of October 1934, 154, 157

role in October 1934, 133, 134, 150, 151

see also colonial warfare

Assault Guard, 66, 93, 110, 112, 124, 126, 140, 153, 194, 200, 202–3, 207

Asturias

demographics of, 21, 27–8

economy of, 20–1, 22

geography of, 20–1

identity of, 19–20, 166–7, 180, 181, 215

Ateneos, 33–4, 37, 39, 101, 107, 116, 162

Austria, 5, 113, 123

Dollfuss, 101, 107, 154

Red Vienna, 5, 29, 33–4

Uprising, February 1934, 2, 108, 113

Avance, 15, 94, 95–6, 114, 119, 214

Avilés, 47, 62, 172

Ayuntamientos, see municipal politics

Azaña, Manuel, 43, 103, 175, 176, 185, 197, 207

Barcelona, 1, 7, 26, 53, 61, 62, 63, 80, 115, 131, 139, 155

Barredos, 57, 83, 119

bars, 23, 34, 35, 39, 101, 114, 126, 162, 163, 164, 184, 190, 199

Basque Country, 21, 40, 83, 108, 131, 155, 209

Belgium, 107, 173, 186

Besteiro, Julián, 44, 104, 127, 175

Blasco Ibáñez, Vicente, 34

Blimea, 37, 88, 89

BOC (Workers’ and Peasants’ Bloc), 44, 115, 117, 134–5

‘Bolchevization’, 176–8, 188, 189, see also USSR

Bolín, Luis, 146, 219

Boo, 62, 75, 201

Bourthoumieux, 166, 167

boycotts, 91, 105, 117, 190–2

Britain, 21, 82, 98, 99, 107, 121–2

mining communities in Wales and north-east England, 22, 27, 41, 68–9, 83, 90

Bueno, Javier, 15, 34, 119, 120

burning, as a form of collective action, 42, 46, 106, 107, 125, 135, 139, 154, 161

Cabañaquinta, 78

Calvo Sotelo, José, 198, 207

Carbayín, 75, 157, 158,

Carbones Asturianos, 92

Carbones La Nueva, 36, 92, 140

Carlism, 40, 45, 100, 183, 198

Casas del Pueblo, 28, 29, 62, 69, 101, 112, 154, 161, 186

Casas Viejas, 40, 93

Catalonia, 7, 21, 62, 115, 116, 131, 158

see also Barcelona

Catholicism, 19, 26, 32, 39–40, 41, 45, 73, 108–9, 124, 125, 139–40, 143, 166, 171–2, 184, 202

Church-state relations, 3, 46, 53–4, 72, 74, 79, 80, 108, 170, 187

and community, 39–40, 77, 79, 201, 210

and gender, 73, 74, 75, 102

Holy Week, 40, 77, 108, 112, 201

mobilization in defence of, 47, 75–6, 102, 125, 202

relationship to fascism, 100, 101, 201

social Catholicism, 171, 173

see also Adoratrices, convent of the; anticlericalism; Arboleya, Maximiliano; CEDA; cemeteries; Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the; crucifixes, Dominicans; secularism

El Caudal, 57, 58

CEDA (Confederation of Autonomous Right-Wing Groups), including AP (Popular Action), 45–6, 47, 102–3, 104–5, 125, 143, 158, 160, 171, 183, 184, 185, 190, 201

and Catholicism, 46, 124, 125

and fascism, 100–1

and government office, 108, 109, 127, 131, 172–3

position towards the Republic, 45, 178, 185, 197–9

women’s activism in, 47, 76, 102

see also Gil Robles, José María; JAP

cemeteries, 53, 170

cencerradas, 76

censorship, 119, 167, 179, 207, 214

chamiceros, 58–61

Chaves Nogales, Manuel, 129, 152

Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the, 40, 91, 141

Ciaño-Santa Ana, 28, 35, 39, 75, 88, 186

civil governor, 52, 56, 64–5, 72, 76–7, 78, 119, 125, 126, 161, 187, 193, 200, 202

mediating role, 55, 67, 78, 123–4

and policing, 110–11, 113, 172, 178, 179, 204

Civil Guard, 65–7, 69, 93, 94, 105, 124, 125, 157, 159, 170, 199, 200, 206

in October 1934, 132, 140, 142

relationship with the municipal authorities, 65, 66, 68

relationship with the working class, 52–3, 58, 65, 68, 110, 123, 163–4, 189, 193, 194

see also Assault Guard; policing

Civil War, Spanish, 1, 139, 140, 148, 157, 175, 181, 209–10

coal industry

comparisons of Asturias to other coal-producing areas, 21, 83

conditions in, 23, 51

employment in, 22, 30, 57, 83, 85–6, 96, 109, 195

history of, 21–2, 24

role of women, 22

colonial warfare, 114, 155, see also army

Committee in Aid of Working-Class Children, 174

Communist Party of Spain (PCE), 32, 58, 99, 107, 115, 135, 176, 186, 205

and anarchism, 37, 71–4, 117, 134–5

identity, 37, 38–9, 73, 188, 193

position towards the Republic, 44–5, 176, 184, 205

and socialism, 35–6, 37, 71–4, 80–1, 103, 117, 118, 134–5, 176

see also SUM; unity; USSR; Workers’ Alliance

Communist Youth, 32, 124, 148, 188, 202, see also Socialist Youth – JSU

community, 28, 36, 41, 77, 123, 134–5, 136, 140, 141, 147–50, 162, 163, 210–1

approaches to, 13–14

collective action, role in, 14, 49, 50, 52, 124, 141

fracturing of, 164, 189–90, 192

and self-governance, 41–2, 52–3, 68, 110–11, 212, 214

understandings of, 40, 41, 79, 100, 101, 102, 104–5, 135, 138, 148–9, 185–6

controversias, 36–7, 82

CNT (National Confederation of Labour), 31, 37, 55, 56, 63, 93, 104, 115, 172, 186, 205

membership of, 31, 35, 45

see also anarchism; SUM; unity; Workers’ Alliance

co-operatives, 28–9, 161

Covadonga, 124–5, 126

crucifixes, 74, 75–6, 77, 79

democracy, 8, 37, 82, 87, 102, 211

and the Second Republic, 3, 47, 94, 105, 122, 159, 198, 212

and workplace assemblies, 36–7, 90

demonstrations, 46, 49, 50, 66–7, 76, 91, 110, 112, 120, 123, 181, 200, 204

denunciation, 77, 163–4, 179, 191, 194

Díaz Fernández, José alias José Canel, 168

Dominicans, 40, 78

Doval, Lisardo, 65–6, 157, 164–5, 166

Duro-Felguera, 21, 56, 78, 80, 84, 95, 143, 159

elections, 42–3, 103–6,182–6

Estrada, José, 71, 74, 89

exile, 42, 162, 173, 186, 200

Extremadura, 24–5, 61, 66–9, 110, 131, 196

Fábrica de Mieres, 21, 51, 84, 87–8, 159

FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation), see Anarchism

Falange Española, see FE-JONS

fascism, 97, 98–100, 106, 126–7, 152–3, 194, 198, 201–2, 207

and Catholicism, 100, 101

and October 1934, 142, 143, 149, 177

resistance to, 101–2, 106–8, 116, 199

understandings of, 99–102, 107, 122–3, 126–7

see also FE-JONS

FE-JONS, 45, 99, 142, 183, 184, 185

and the wider political right, 100, 198

and violence, 106, 109, 199, 201

La Felguera, 19, 22, 31, 32, 35, 78, 95, 100, 117, 132, 137, 150, 161, 162, 191

Fernández, Amador, 86, 116, 125, 186

Figaredo, 83

FJS (Federation of the Socialist Youth), see Socialist Youth

FNTT (National Federation of Landworkers), 31, 119, 196

Foreign Legion, 133, 152, 154–5, 179

France, 2, 29, 66, 82, 89, 98, 101, 107, 115, 127, 173, 175, 176, 181, 186

Franco, Francisco, 133, 155, 178, 184

FSA (Asturian Socialist Federation), see Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish

Galicia, 26, 75–6, 117, 200, 209

Germany, 63, 82, 83, 86, 101, 107, 154, 158

Berlin, 5, 11, 60, 68, 101, 153, 190

as a reference point, 114, 123

the Ruhr, 27, 41

Gijón, 20, 22, 31, 36, 47, 62, 65, 76, 114, 132, 134, 144, 171, 174, 185, 198, 209

Gil Robles, José María, 46, 100, 108, 169, 193, 178, 184–5, 198

Giménez Fernández, Manuel, 173, 197

González Peña, Ramón, 33, 44, 113–14, 125, 173, 177, 181

gossip, 28, 73, 105–6, 172, see also denunciation; rumours

Hulleras de Riosa, 57, 83

Hulleras del Turón, 26, 78, 83, 84, 91, 141

housing, 26, 28, 61–2, 160, see also tenant activism

Ibárruri, Dolores, 174, 186

Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), see FAI

imprisonment, 110, 119–20, 195, 206

after October 1934, 153, 155, 157, 156, 158, 161, 164, 175, 181, 186

during October 1934, 140, 141, 144, 150

Industrial Asturiana, 60, 84

intimacy, 18, 35–6, 73, 76, 105–6, 112, 149, 163, 190, 214

identity cards, 159–60

IR (Republican Left), 175–6, 182, 184, 197, 202

Jaén, 25, 28, 73, 131, 205

JAP (Popular Action Youth), 100, 124–5, 126, 171, 198

JC (Communist Youth), see Communist Youth

Jiménez de Asúa, Luis, 199, 201

Jove y Canella, José María, 23, 27, 34

JSU (United Socialist Youth), see Socialist Youth

justice

and the Republic, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 69, 186

popular, 110, 111 140, 190, 191, 192

revolutionary, 140, 142, 144

see also community

Lafuente, Aida, 148

land reform, 61, 108, 197

Langreo, 26, 27, 33, 37, 42, 47, 53, 54, 68, 80, 91, 92, 108, 112, 132, 160, 170, 185, 186, 192

Largo Caballero, Francisco, 8, 9, 44, 55, 56, 92, 104, 166, 176

and Indalecio Prieto, 175, 177, 197

and October 1934, 120, 129–30

and rhetoric, 93–4, 95, 113, 205

and the Second Republic, 93–4, 127

and Workers’ Alliances, 116

Laviana, 27, 34, 38, 42, 52, 57, 62, 68, 75, 83, 104, 110–1, 136, 160, 185, 199

Lejárraga García, Maria de la O alias María Martínez Sierra, 174

Lenin, Vladimir, 39, 87

Lerroux, Alejandro, 43, 93, 127, 133, 166, 178, see also Radical Party

libraries, 28, 33, 34

Listowel, Lord, 166, 167

Llaneza, Manuel, 29, 30

Llano Roza de Ampudia, Aurelio de, 168

looting, 134, 136, 150, 155, 163

López Ochoa, Eduardo, 133, 150, 154, 158

Madrid, 26, 46, 80, 99, 120, 129, 148, 155, 166, 175, 177, 194, 196, 200, 208

Madera Peña, Vicente, 33, see also SCOM

Malaga, 103, 131

Manning, Leah, 155

Manzano, Veneranda, 174

MAOC (Antifascist Workers’ and Peasants’ Militias), 132, 193

Martínez Barrio, Diego, 93, 111, 176

Maurín, Joaquín, 115, 117

Menéndez, Teodomiro, 131, 144, 173, 188

Mieres, municipal district (concejo), 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 42, 44, 47, 51, 54, 55, 65, 73, 79, 81, 85, 88, 91, 92, 113, 185

in October 1934, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138

Mieres, town, 38, 42, 62, 63, 64, 76, 112, 116, 117, 125, 161, 162, 181, 190

in October 1934, 140, 141, 142, 147, 150

militias, 45, 120, 121, 129, 158, 182, 193, 194, 203–4, 206

in October 1934, 132, 134, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149

Mineworkers’ Union of Asturias (SOMA), see SOMA

Mineworkers’ Single Union (SUM), see SUM

mixed workers, 24

money, banning of, 136, 137

moral economy, 59–60

Moreda, 32, 39, 40, 62, 199

municipal authorities, 42–3, 47, 53, 58, 67, 68, 97, 110, 112, 167, 170–1

and the Republic, 50–3, 108–9, 187

mediating role of, 51, 55–6, 57, 64, 112

and secularization, 53–4, 78–9, 80, 91, 187

substitution after October 1934, 160–1

reinstatement in 1936, 186–7

relationship with mining companies, 51, 92

National Confederation of Labour (CNT), see CNT

Octubre: Segunda etapa, 177

Olloniego, 81, 108, 143, 147, 148, 151, 156

Oviedo, 1, 20, 26, 33, 34, 47, 49, 62, 63, 91, 94, 98, 105, 106, 107, 120, 121, 157, 160, 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 177, 181, 186, 187, 188, 191, 193, 195, 200, 202–3, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209

in October 1934, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 144, 148, 149, 150, 154–5

paramilitarism, 119, 120, 121–2, 132, 179, 192–4, 204, see also arms; militias

paternalism, 26–7, 62, see also schools

PCE, see Communist Party of Spain

Pérez Galdós, Benito, 34

petitioning, 47, 50, 54, 58, 75, 78, 189, 195

Pola de Laviana, 64, 105, 110–1, 135, 151, 184, 204

Pola de Lena, 62, 121, 136

policing (informal, of community), 3, 14, 41, 73, 76–7, 101–2, 105, 148–50, 164, 184, 188–94, 199, 203, 206, see also violence

policing (formal, by the security forces), 52, 64–8, 93, 110–3, 123, 124, 125, 156, 169, 202–3, 212

and paramilitarism, 121–2

resistance to, 65, 110, 113, 123–4, 203–4

see also Assault Guard; Civil Guard; searches

Popular Action, see CEDA

Popular Front, 176, 182–3, 204–5

POUM (Workers’ Party of Marxist Unification), 182, see also BOC

Prieto, Indalecio, 44, 104, 125, 175, 177, 197, 207

Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 100, 184, 198–9, 201

Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 7–8, 30, 31, 32, 55, 65, 81, 83

PRLD (Liberal-Democratic Republican Party), 103, 104, 105, 143, 160, 173, 183, 185, 200

PSOE, see Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish

public opinion, 41–2, 73, 138, 145–6, 172, 189, 190

purges, 153, 159, 160–1, 187, 188, 189, 191

Radical Party, 43, 93, 95, 103, 108, 160, 173, 176, 178, 184

radicalism, 3, 8–13, 59–60, 88, 91, 94, 96, 114, 129–30, 189, 194–5, 205, 207, 211–12, 213–14

definitions of, 4–6, 8–13

and the interwar period, 4–5, 11–12, 98

and intra-left rivalry, 73, 80–1

and local politics, 81–2, 92, 94, 105–6

and mining communities, 12–13

and political mediation, 113, 123–4

and the politics of action, 86–7, 120–2, 202, 206

and rhetoric, 80, 81, 82, 87, 93–6, 114, 119, 192, 195, 204

and youth, 72, 85–6, 120

radicalization, see radicalism

Red Army, 144–5

Renovación Española, 45, 183, 198, 207

Republic, Second, 3, 8, 42–6, 55, 74, 93, 104, 108–9, 173, 178, 197–8

meanings of, 3, 49, 52, 59, 64, 112, 129–30, 135, 170, 202, 206, 209–10, 211–12, 214

constitution of, 46, 77

and a ‘social republic’, 94–5, 206

see also justice

Republicans, left, 43, 103, 104 see also IR, UR

repression (of October 1934), 152, 154–6, 157–8, 165, 179

criticism of, 166, 167–70

curfews and restrictions on movement, 161

and misery, 161–2, 170–1

solidarity initiatives for the victims of, 173–4

see also Carbayín; colonial warfare; identity cards; imprisonment; purges; torture; unemployment

Revolution, in October 1934, 1–2

and authority, 135, 140–1, 150

committees in, 134, 150

and fake news, 145–6

and gender, 147–8

and identity, 146–7, 148–9, 167–8, 187

and justice, 143, 144

proclamations in, 16, 137–9, 145–6, 150

revolutionary characteristics of, 136, 137–8, 144–5

and violence, 2, 129, 132–3, 135–6, 139–43, 149–50

and youth, 147

see also Red Army; repression

Riego, Rafael del, 141–2

Rodríguez Arango, Rafael, 140

rumours, 79, 85, 86, 110, 112, 145, 157, 162, 169, 178, 189, 190, 206, 207, see also gossip

Salamanca, 46, 74, 77, 109, 185, 196

Salazar Alonso, Rafael, 111, 122

Sama de Langreo, 35, 38, 42, 52, 62, 76, 81, 91, 94, 112, 123–4, 137, 138, 141, 142, 150, 161, 162, 171, 184, 188, 193, 199, 203, 206

San Martín del Rey Aurelio, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 42, 58, 75, 78, 82, 89, 90, 102, 126, 132, 185, 186, 193

Sanjurjo coup, 79, 94, 140, 211

SCOM (Catholic Mineworkers’ Union), 32–3, 105, 133, 159, 171, 172, 184

schools, 26, 54, 77–8, 91

searches

frisking, 110, 124, 125, 126, 179, 192–3, 194, 212

of homes and political centres, 111– 2, 113, 114, 125–6, 179, 206

secularism, 40, 46, 53–4, 74, 75, 76–8, 79, 80, 170, 187

Siero, 86, 136, 138, 189, 191, 200, 206

Sirval, Luis, 152

sociability, 29–30, 33, 34–5

socialism, 5–6, 23, 30, 34, 55, 57, 67, 80, 82, 91, 96, 101, 104, 110, 115, 116, 119, 164, 168, 173, 174, 177, 178, 179, 188, 192, 205, 206

and anarchism, 36, 37, 56, 71–4, 88, 95, 99, 116, 134–5

and Communism, 35–6, 37, 71–4, 80–1, 87, 88, 99, 103, 116, 134–5

identity, 35, 38, 73, 106, 202, 204

international consciousness, 107, 108, 114, 194–5

membership, 87

origins in Asturias, 26–7, 28–9

in October 1934, 121, 131, 132, 136, 143, 144

preparation of October 1934, 10, 96, 104, 120, 125, 126

see also Casas del Pueblo; Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish; SOMA; unity; Workers’ Alliance

Socialist Workers’ Party, Spanish (PSOE), 8, 30, 89, 120, 123, 125, 199

FSA, 29, 103

in government, 56, 61

internal frictions, 175, 188, 197

in municipal government, 42–3, 51, 52, 54, 58, 68, 74, 80, 92, 111, 112

relationship with Republicans, 95, 103, 176

and the Second Republic, 8, 42, 43–4, 72, 93–5, 102, 103–4, 127, 129–30, 182, 184, 197

and tenant activism, 62, 64

see also ‘Bolchevization’; Socialism; Socialist Youth

Socialist Youth (JS), 73, 76, 82, 87, 93, 95, 104, 107, 109, 118, 120, 121, 122, 130, 175, 191, 193, 204

and ‘Bolchevization’, 176–8, 188, 189

Federation of (FJS), 87, 116, 120, 121

as United Socialist Youth (JSU), 188–9

and vanguardism, 77, 87

see also youth

Sociedad Hullera Española (SHE), 21, 27, 32, 62, 65, 78, 106, 159, 171

SOMA (Mineworkers’ Union of Asturias), 38, 44, 87–8, 89, 105, 116, 124, 160, 161, 163, 171, 190, 195

before 1931, 29–31

leadership, 33, 57, 92, 186, 195

membership, 29–30, 31, 35, 90

and moderation, 30, 57–8, 81–2, 84–5, 96

rebelliousness within, 57, 84, 86, 88, 90, 96, 118

and SUM, 32, 56, 57, 188

Sotrondio, 101, 163, 191, 200

SRI (International Red Aid), 167, 173–4, 194, 195

steel industry, 21, 22, 31, 56, 159, 186

Straperlo affair, 178

strikes, 5, 6, 9, 36, 50, 54, 56–8, 78, 83–4, 95, 108, 110, 113, 118, 124, 126, 129, 161, 171, 172

and community, 41–2, 52

general, 7, 56, 84–5, 87, 92, 125, 133, 195, 203

socialist attitudes towards, 58–9, 81, 84–5, 118, 130

wildcat, 30, 55, 57, 85, 86, 87–8, 112, 113, 118, 119

outside of Asturias, 62, 67, 91, 109, 110, 119, 131, 196, 198

suicide, 156–7, 189

SUM (Mineworkers’ Single Union), 31–2, 35, 56, 57, 118, 171, 188, see also anarchism; CNT

tenant activism, 62–4, 91

Tomás, Belarmino, 80, 125, 129, 142–3, 150, 154

Torre, Matilde de la, 123–4, 174, 179

torture, 65, 155–6, 167, 179, 194

Trubia, 33, 49, 52, 63, 105, 106, 132, 146, 192

Tuilla, 76, 97, 139

Turón, 20, 26, 33, 35, 37, 62, 73, 76, 79, 81, 89, 95, 126, 145, 156, 163, 171, 172

martyrs of, 140–2, 167

Turquesa, La, 125

unemployment, 9, 38, 41, 57, 58, 85, 109, 186–7, 196

international comparisons, 83

after October 1934, 159, 161–2

and youth, 85–6

UHP, 1, 146, 147–8, 149

USSR, 114, 129, 188

interest in, 37–8, 87

symbolism in October 1934, 144–5, 146–7

exile to, 173, 177

uniforms (paramilitary), 120, 121, 122, 179

unity, 103, 114–18, 124, 125, 205

and grassroots initiatives, 88–9, 115–16, 117

and union leadership, 88

see also Workers’ Alliance

UGT (General Workers’ Union), 9, 29, 30, 31, 55, 90, 95, 104, 120, 172, 179

UR (Republican Union), 175–6, 182, 184

urbanization, 26, 27–8, 35

Valencia, 46, 103, 119, 160

Vega, Carlos, 135, 149

Vidarte, Juan Simeón, 175

Violence, 56, 67, 79, 91, 92, 93, 106–7, 109, 112, 114, 123, 125, 126, 139–43, 154, 156–9, 164, 182, 183–4, 198, 199–204, 206, see also anticlericalism; army; Assault Guard; Civil Guard; repression; revolution, in October 1934; torture

Wilkinson, Ellen, 166, 167

Women Against War and Fascism, 174

Workers’ Alliance, 10, 31, 114–18, 124, 134–5, 160, 205, see also unity

Yagüe, Juan, 133

youth, 23, 32, 33, 39, 41, 57, 73, 75, 76, 85, 86–7, 100, 102, 107, 109, 112, 120, 121, 122, 124, 170, 171, 188, 202

in October 1934, 130, 134, 147, 148

see also unemployment, Communist Youth, Socialist Youth

yunteros, 196–7

Zaragoza, 26, 53, 196, 205