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The politics of women’s suffrage: The politics of women’s suffrage

The politics of women’s suffrage
The politics of women’s suffrage
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Series Information
  4. Title Page
  5. Copyright Page
  6. Dedication
  7. Contents
  8. Foreword: the women’s movement, war and the vote. Some reflections on 1918 and its aftermath
    1. I
    2. II
    3. III
    4. IV
  9. List of tables
  10. List of contributors
  11. Acknowledgements
  12. Introduction
    1. Historiographical context
    2. Contributions
    3. Conclusion
  13. I. Working within existing political structures
    1. 1. The ‘success of every great movement had been largely due to the free and continuous exercise of the right to petition’: Irish suffrage petitioners and parliamentarians in the nineteenth century
      1. Introduction
      2. The ‘particular’ case of Ireland
      3. The early years of suffrage activity in Ireland
      4. Irish politicians at Westminster
      5. The founding of the Dublin Women’s Suffrage Association
      6. Petitions
      7. Conclusion
    2. 2. Singing ‘The Red Flag’ for suffrage: class, feminism and local politics in the Canning Town branch of the Women’s Social and Political Union, 1906–7
      1. A brief history of the Canning Town branch of the WSPU
      2. Membership and culture
      3. Beliefs and objectives
      4. Priorities and strategies
      5. Conclusion
    3. 3. Suffrage organizers, grassroots activism and the campaign in Wales
      1. Suffrage societies and Welsh identity: an overview
      2. Suffrage organizers, cultural clashes and regional centres
      3. Welsh language, Liberalism and rural communities
      4. Coalfield communities, the labour movement and suffrage
      5. Conclusion
    4. 4. Suffrage, infant welfare and women’s politics in Walsall, 1910–39
      1. Women’s suffrage in Walsall
      2. The infant welfare movement in Walsall
      3. Walsall in the aftermath of enfranchisement
      4. Conclusion
    5. 5. ‘Keep your eyes on us because there is no more napping’: the wartime suffrage campaigns of the Suffragettes of the WSPU and the Independent WSPU
      1. Suffrage responses to war
      2. ‘Reunite without delay’: the establishment of the Suffragettes of the WSPU and Independent WSPU
      3. Wartime suffrage campaigning
      4. Adult suffrage versus partial suffrage
      5. Wider concerns: National Registration Day and the Royal Commission for Venereal Disease
      6. The Speaker’s Conference and the Representation of the People Act
      7. Conclusion
  14. II. Working through social and cultural structures
    1. 6. English girls’ schools and women’s suffrage
    2. 7. ‘A mistake to raise any controversial question at the present time’: the careful relationship of Glasgow’s suffragists with the press, 1902–18
      1. The Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women’s Suffrage
      2. The oxygen of publicity
      3. Relations with the suffrage press
      4. Conclusion
    3. 8. ‘The weakest link’: suffrage writing, class interests and the isolated woman of leisure
    4. 9. Militancy in the marital sphere: sex strikes, marriage strikes and birth strikes as militant suffrage tactics, 1911–14
      1. The three tactics: sex-, marriage- and birth-striking
      2. Striking, militancy and gender
      3. Sex and birth strikes as women’s sacrifice
      4. Conclusion
  15. III. Navigating international structures
    1. 10. ‘East Side Londoners’: Sylvia Pankhurst’s lecture tours of North America and the East London Federation of Suffragettes
      1. Organizational models: the WTUL and settlement houses
      2. Emerson and the CWTUL
      3. The Lewisohns and Henry Street Settlement
      4. Recontextualizing 1912
    2. 11. Suffrage internationalism in practice: Dora Montefiore and the lessons of Finnish women’s enfranchisement
      1. Dora Montefiore visits Finland
      2. Telling the story of Finnish women’s enfranchisement
      3. Competing narratives of Finnish women’s enfranchisement
      4. Putting the Finnish example to work in the polarized suffrage politics of Britain
      5. New voices and new emphases
      6. Conclusion
    3. 12. Emotions and empire in suffrage and anti-suffrage politics: Britain, Ireland and Australia in the early twentieth century
      1. Introduction
      2. A history of emotions and politics
      3. Ireland and the complex dynamics of gender, shame and colonization
      4. Australian women voters, colonial anxiety and national pride
      5. British anti-suffragists and the embarrassment of colonial naivety
      6. Conclusion
    4. 13. From Votes for Women to world revolution: British and Irish suffragettes and international communism, 1919–39
      1. Introduction
      2. Engagement with Comintern front organizations
      3. Emigration to Soviet Russia and employment in Comintern institutions
      4. The view from the Comintern
      5. Conclusion
  16. Afterword: a tale of two centennials: suffrage, suffragettes and the limits of political participation in Britain and America
    1. Radicalism and respectability
    2. ‘I’d rather be a rebel than a slave’
  17. Index

Index

Academy, 229
Addams, Jane, xix, 271, 278
adult suffrage, 17, 18, 84, 116, 117, 148, 188, 197, 215, 264, 269, 285–308, 364
Adult Suffrage (Journal), 306
Adult Suffrage Society, 16, 69, 288, 298
Alger, Mary Jemima, 168
Allen, Ruby, 181
American Civil War, 312
American Women’s Suffrage Association, 50, 356
Anderson, Anna, 46
Andrews, Emily, 70, 71
Anthony, Susan. B, 355–7, 358, 371, 374
Anti-Air War Memorial, xx, xxi
Anti-Suffrage League, 176, 218, 232, 235, 315
Anti-Suffrage Review, The, 235, 309(n), 320(n), 321, 325, 326(n), 327(n), 328(n)
Appeal Against Female Suffrage, 232
Asquith, Herbert, 67, 80, 115, 140(n), 145, 151(n), 292, 315(n), 369
Australia, women’s suffrage in, 19, 288–9, 304, 306, 309–10, 313, 320–30, 365
Australian Women’s National League (AWNL), 320, 322–3
Baldock, Harry, 65
Baldock, Minnie, 59, 65, 68–9, 70(n), 73, 76, 78–81, 83–5
Balgarnie, Florence, 168
Ballantyne, Andrew, 194, 204, 208
Barnard, Muriel, 113–4, 116
Barrett, Rachel, 99, 104, 107
Barrowman, Janet, 140, 141(n)
bazaars, 147
Bean na hÉireann, 316(n), 317–9
Becker, Lydia, 25(n), 33, 51, 56, 113
Bensusan, Inez, 215, 219, 220
Bernstein, Alfred, 238, 239, 246(n)
Besant, Annie, 243
Billington, Teresa (later Billington-Grieg), 66(n), 67, 73, 83, 200, 202, 301, 332
Birmingham, 70, 114(n), 115, 140, 175
Birrell, Augustine, 186
birth control, 245, 248
Black Friday, 1
Black Lives Matter movement, 355, 357
Blackburn, Bessie, 188
Blackburn, Helen, 33, 53
Blackburn High School for Girls, 165, 171, 173
Bloomsbury, 136
Board of Guardians (see also Poor Law Guardians), 66, 72, 78, 103(n)
Boer War, 5, 121
Bolshevik, 335–6, 340, 343, 346, 351
Bondfield, Margaret, 119
Boord, Coralie, 238, 241(n), 242(n), 243, 244–7, 249, 250–1, 253–7, 259
Booth, Charles, 64
Bouvier, Eugenie, 331–2, 342–6
Boyle, Nina, 159, 245
Brennan, Ellen, 46
Brexit, 20, 21
Bright Maclaren, Priscilla, 195
Brinton, Mary (later Stocks), 177
Bristol, 357, 61(n), 90(n), 99, 206
Britannia, 143, 203(n)
British Dominions Woman Suffrage Union, 152
British Women’s Temperance Association (see also temperance), 120
Brockwell Park, 143
Bryant, Sophie, 168–9, 170, 181
Burrows, Herbert, 292–3
Burstall, Sara, 181–2(n), 169, 170(n), 175–6
Buss, Frances Mary, 168, 187
Butt, Isaac, 30
Button, Mary, 119–20
Buxton, Sidney, 83
Cady Stanton, Elizabeth, 355, 357, 367(n), 3(n)
Cahalan, Cissie, 336
Cambridge Union, 180
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry, 67, 198–9
Canada, 263
Canning Town Women’s Settlement, 73(n), 76, 78
Canning Town, WSPU branch in, 15, 59(n), 60, 61, 63–9, 70, 72–4, 78–9, 80, 83–5, 363
Cardiff and District Women’s Suffrage Society, 59–85
Cardiff High School for Girls, 97
Carlisle, Countess of, 81
Carmarthen, 99
Catholic Women’s Suffrage Society, 152
Catholic, suffrage supporters, 40, 47, 152, 247, 344
Caxton Hall, 67, 134, 304(n)
census
1911 boycott, 1, 150, 237
historical uses of, 14, 33(n), 70–1, 110, 112, 116(n), 118–20, 218(n)
centenary, celebrations of women’s suffrage, 1, 18–9, 21, 65(n), 285, 353–74
Central Foundation Girls’ School, 165, 171, 180
Central Society for Women’s Suffrage, 170
Chamber of Nobles (Finish Diet), 291
Chamberlain, Beatrice, 208
Chance, Lady, 178
Chapman Catt, Carrie, 291
Charity Organization Society, 78
Charlotte Price White, 98, 100, 107
chartism, 67
Chat with Mrs Chicky, 216, 219, 235
Chicago, 312–3(n), 341–2(n), 264, 266, 269, 270, 273–8
Chicago Tribune, 269(n)
child welfare, 366, 77(n), 103, 110, 121–2, 123–4(n), 126–7
Christian socialism, 76, 343
Church League for Women’s Suffrage, 315, 109, 114, 172
Churchill, Winston (statue of), 358
Citizen Army, in Dublin, 282
citizenship, ix, x, xi, xxii–ix, xxxi, 4–5, 12, 15–6, 18–9, 21, 27, 89, 129–30, 146, 171, 212, 238, 240, 247, 249, 299, 307, 317, 319, 321, 323–4, 329, 355, 361, 366, 370–2
education for, 61, 82, 125
City of London School for Girls, 165, 179(n), 181
civil rights, in America, 372
Clarion, 76(n), 197, 298–9
Clowning Street, 216
Cobden Sanderson, Annie, 134, 136, 138, 142
Cohen, Nellie, 344
Cohen, Rose, 338, 342(n), 344–6, 351
Colmore, Gertrude, 220(n), 225
Coming Order, The, 242–3
Comintern, 332, 334, 336–8, 340–52
Common Cause, 17, 114, 125, 193, 202–3, 205–6, 210, 218, 305
Commons, House of, 30(n), 31, 33, 35, 39–40, 48, 53, 67, 134(n) 140(n), 143, 155, 157, 178(n), 199, 221, 236(n)
Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), 289, 332(n), 333–4, 337–8, 340, 342, 344(n), 345, 347–50
compulsory notification, 153–4
Conciliation Bills, 101, 113, 205, 267, 304, 315
Connery, Margaret (Meg), 318–9, 336, 339
Conservative Members of Parliament, 36–7, 41, 45, 49, 54–5, 113, 221 (fictional)
Conservative Party
attitudes to women’s suffrage, 37, 200
beliefs that women will support, 35, 224
Contagious Diseases Acts, 41(n), 45(n)
Convert, The, 220(n), 221–4
Copenhagen, 290
Cork Examiner, 33, 37, 39
Corlett, Anne Barbara, 52
coronation procession, 136(n), 175
Cosby, Bill, 20
Cottam, Amy and Mary, 113, 116
Cotterell, Nancie, 113, 116, 123(n)
Courtney, Kathleen, 97
Coyle, Christina, 46
Crawfurd, Helen, 333, 337–9, 341, 347–50
Criminal Law Amendment Bill, 151, 153
Cromer, Lord, 208
Crompton, Alice, 175
Curzon, Lord, 208
Cymric Suffrage Union, 92, 93(n)
Cymru Fydd, 89
Daily Record, 197, 208, 210
Davies, Emily, 168, 181
Davison, Emily Wilding, 1, 134(n), 138, 144, 237
Delamont, Sara, 166
Delia Blanchflower, 233–5
democratic suffragism, 9
deputation, 59, 67, 78, 80, 82, 121, 132, 134(n), 145–7, 154, 157, 175, 197
Despard, Charlotte, 67, 84, 133, 148, 156, 225, 247–8, 288, 301, 331–2, 335, 338–41, 350, 360, 365
disarmament, xii, xix, xx, xxiii, xxiv
Disarmament Conference (1932), xx
Dock, Lavinia, 280
Dockrell, Lady Margaret, 54
domestic servants, 116, 120, 218, 220(n), 223(n), 291, 293, 295, 297–8
Downing Street, 67, 134(n), 157
Dublin Women’s Suffrage Association (see also Irish Women’s Suffrage and Local Government Association), 26, 40–1
Dugdale, Joan, 216
Duleep Singh, Sophia, 369
Dundee Advertiser, 195
East End (of London), xvii, 18, 64, 67, 72, 148(n), 233, 265, 363, 365
East London Federation of Suffragettes (ELFS), 18, 85, 130, 132, 133(n), 136(n), 142, 148–50, 152, 263–83, 331, 342, 344, 347, 351–2
Edinburgh National Society for Women’s Suffrage, 193, 195, 197, 204, 206, 211
Edinburgh Society for Women’s Suffrage, 39
Election Fighting Fund, 98, 173, 361
Elliot, Edith, 113, 116
Emerson, Zelie, 269–70, 273–8, 280, 283
Empire, Ottoman, xxi
Empire, Russian, xxi, 286, 303
Englishwoman’s Review, The, 296
Eskrigge, Edith, 101–2
Essex Hall, 145, 148
Evans, Dorothy, 134, 136(n), 138, 140, 175, 350
Evans, Gladys, 138, 315(n)
Ewers, Annie, 70(n), 71
factory work, women’s, 65, 117, 199, 268, 281, 298
Fawcett, Millicent Garrett, 8(n), 33–4, 41, 88(n), 95, 145, 151, 157, 232, 354
Fegan, Lucy, 46
Fifteenth Amendment, 355–7, 371
Finland, women’s suffrage in, 295, 297, 302, 305
Finnish Diet, 286, 302–3
First World War, , x–xix, xxi–v, xxiv, 7, 10, 16, 92–3, 109, 112(n), 121, 127, 129, 130–1, 145, 158, 185, 192, 207, 238, 264, 266, 273, 278–9, 290, 303, 306, 319, 320, 326, 354, 359, 361, 365, 367
Folkets Hus, 291
Forde, Margaret, 46
Fort Montefiore, 289, 292
Forward Policy, 232
Foxley, Barbara, 97
Fraser, Helen, 87, 95, 97
Friends of Soviet Russia, 332, 339
Friends of Women’s Suffrage, 53, 105, 107, 117
Furuhjelm, Annie, 292, 300, 305
Gardner, Margaret, 171
Gilchrist, Marion, 200
Gill, Helga, 95
Girl’s Own Paper, 178
Girls’ Public Day School Company (later Trust), 165, 167
Gladstone, William Ewart, 28, 31, 38, 52, 54
Glasgow and West of Scotland Association for Women’s Suffrage, 192–3, 198
Glasgow Herald, 192, 195, 198, 200, 207–8
Glasgow, women’s suffrage in, 190–212
Glover, Evelyn, 216, 217(n), 219, 235
Goldstein, Vida, 320, 324–5
Gonne, Maude, 317(n), 338–9, 360
Gore-Booth, Eva, 59
Gracie, Carrie, 20
Great Scourge, The, 240
Great Suffrage Procession, The, 324, 174
Green, Daisy Adina, 183
Gripenberg, Alexandra Baroness, 292, 296–8
Guardians, Poor Law, 65, 73, 232
guildswomen, 119, 123, 127
Hague Conventions, xii, xiii
Hague, Peace Conference 1915, xxii, 133(n)
Hall, Leslie, 226
Hamilton, Cecily, 215, 218–9, 220, 339
Harbottle, Dorothy, 185–6
Hardie, Keir, 65, 68, 72, 75–6, 81, 268, 271(n)
Haslam, Anna, 26(n), 28, 33(n), 34, 41–2, 43(n), 44, 51(n), 314(n)
Haslam, Thomas, 26, 29, 39, 41–2, 43(n), 48, 51(n), 52
Hastings and St Leonards Observer, 209
Hatton, Bessie, 220
Hatton, Mary, 46
headmistress, 87, 97, 99, 166–9, 170–1, 175–6, 178, 181, 185
Heale, Alice, 150–1
Heale, Juliette, 153
Heath Jones, Miss, 177
Henry Street Settlement, 263(n), 266, 271–2, 278, 280
Hicks, Amy, 175
High Holborn, 144, 147
Hill, Dorothy, 113–4, 116
Hill, Eleanor, 168, 170, 174
Hilston, Mary, 94
Hockham, Sarah, 70, 85
Home Front, The, xv, xvii, xviii
Home Government Association, 30
Home Rule, 5, 30, 31(n), 32, 39, 40(n), 49, 50, 51(n), 56, 170, 294, 310, 314–6, 363–4
Hornblower, Prudence, 71, 85
How Martyn, Edith, 175
How the Vote Was Won, 219, 235
Howell, Mabel, 97–8
Hull House settlement, 204, 271, 278–9
Humes, Margery, 1
humour, 143, 167, 183–7, 189, 190, 191(n), 219, 244
hunger strike, xiii, 115, 140, 175, 237, 274(n)
Hunter, Nellie M., 192, 194, 196–9, 204–11
Huntsman, Margaret, 245–7, 250–1
Hurlbatt, Ethel, 97
Hyde Park, 59, 145, 149, 275, 276(n)
imperialism, xxiii, 5, 18–9, 282, 306, 316, 340
independence, movement for Irish, 11, 51(n), 57, 314, 316–8, 320
Independent Labour Party, 65, 72, 74–5, 96, 103–5, 141–2, 194, 199, 294, 298, 302–3, 337
Independent Suffragette (IS), 141–2, 157
Independent WSPU (IWSPU), 129–159
infant welfare, x, 16, 109–128
Inghinidhe na hEireann (Daughters of Ireland), 316
International Council of Women (ICW), x, xii, 290
International Socialist Women’s Congress, 1907, 298–9
International Suffrage Shop, 148
International Women’s Suffrage Alliance (IWSA), x, xxii, 290–3, 297, 300
International Women’s Secretariat (IWS), 337, 347–8
Ireland, women’s suffrage in, xxix, 11, 15, 19, 25–57, 90, 134(n), 138, 178, 282(n), 309–10, 314–20, 322, 325–6, 328–30, 331–41, 351–2, 363–4
Irish Citizen, The, 138–9(n), 309–10, 318–9, 325, 336
Irish Parliamentary Party, 30, 50(n), 314–15
Irish Question, The, 15, 32, 51, 54–5
Irish Society for Women’s Suffrage (ISWS), 52
Irish Women’s Franchise League (IWFL), 26(n), 41, 43, 138, 309–10, 314, 317(n), 318, 336, 339–40, 351–2
Irish Women’s Suffrage Federation (IWSF), 43, 136(n)
Jamaica, women’s suffrage in, xxii
Jennings, Gertrude, 215
jokes (see humour), 184–5, 187, 198, 244
Junior Suffragettes’ Club, 279, 281
Kenney, Annie, 67–8, 70, 73–4, 76, 81–2, 99, 103, 213, 228, 234, 243–4
Knight, Adelaide, 66–9, 70(n), 75, 77, 79–81
Kollontai, Alexandra, 346–7, 349
Labour Leader, 142, 173, 297, 302
Labour Party, 61, 98, 116–7, 126, 197, 204, 268, 348, 361
Ladies Health Society (LHS), in Walsall, 110, 118–21
Ladies Land League, 32(n), 50
Lamartine Yates, Rose, 134, 136, 138, 146, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157
Lansbury, George, 279, 281, 338
Lansbury, Violet, 281, 344, 346
Lansdowne, Lord, 142
Layton, Dorothea, 113–4, 116, 119, 123, 125
League Against Imperialism, The, 340
League of Nations, xviii, xix, xxiv, 348
Leigh, Mary, 134, 136(n), 138–9, 140(n), 142, 315(n)
Leslie, Henrietta, 138
Lewisohn, Alice and Irene, 272, 278, 280–3
Liberal Party
members of party, 31, 36–9, 41, 45, 49, 50–2, 54, 112, 186, 228
relationship to suffrage movement, 5, 16, 30–1, 37, 89, 98, 113, 198, 204, 228, 291
strength of, 30, 32, 91, 93, 98, 101–2, 106, 193
liberalism, 89
Life and Labour, 275
Llewellyn Davis, Margaret, 119
Lloyd George, David, 93, 100–2, 140(n)
local government (see also Board of Guardians), 44
women in, 16, 54, 126, 156, 180
(see also Irish Women’s Suffrage and Local Government Association)
Local Government Board Scheme, 120–1
London School of Medicine, 172
London Teacher and London Schools Review, The, 177
Lords, House of, 53, 142
Lowry, Amy, 113–4, 116, 120–1, 123, 125
Lytton, Constance, 224–5, 227, 235
Macmillan, Chrystal, 348–9
Madden, Claire, 349–50
magazines, school, 17, 164, 166–7, 169–76, 178, 180–1, 183–7, 189
magistrates, women, 126
male breadwinner model, xv, 79
Malmberg, Aino, 300–3
Manchester High School for Girls, 165, 172, 175–6
Manchester National Society for Women’s Suffrage, 25, 33
Manchester National Society for Women’s Suffrage Journal, 25, 33, 35
Manifesto of Organised Women, 153
Manifesto on the Question of Universal Adult Suffrage, 299
Mansell Moullin, Edith, 92, 156
Marcella, 233, 235
Markham, Violet, 327–8
marriage, 18, 66, 78, 230, 231(n), 234, 345
marriage bar, the, 167
Marsden, Dora, 244
Marsh, Charlotte, 130, 140, 155, 157
Marshall, Catherine, xvi, 151
Martin, Selina, 226
Material Aid Committee (MAC), 123–4
maternal welfare, 110, 126, 127, 363
Maternity, 121
Maternity and Child Welfare Act 1918, 122
Maternity and Child Welfare Committee, 126
Matters, Muriel, 95
Mayo, Winifred, 220
McCarthy, Justin, 53, 55
McCleod Cleeves, Mary, 96, 136(n), 138
McKenna, Reginald, 37, 129
Melville, Frances, 208–9
Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage, 204, 223
Men’s Political Union for Women’s Enfranchisement, 343
Metge, Lilian, 136(n), 138, 139(n)
Methven, Jessie, 195, 202, 211
MeToo, 20, 358
Middlesbrough, 248
militancy, , xiii, 8, 14, 17–8, 27–8, 41, 43(n), 57, 60, 63, 76, 80, 84, 95, 99, 101, 113, 115, 129, 131–4, 137–41, 145, 147, 149, 150, 155, 175–82, 184–93, 195–6, 198–200, 204, 211, 220, 224–5, 230, 233, 237, 239–41, 244–7, 249–55, 258–9, 263, 266–7, 270, 273, 289–91, 293, 300, 304, 306, 309–10, 312–8, 319(n), 320, 343, 348, 351, 353–4, 358–9, 362–5, 367, 373, 374
Monmouthshire, 94, 99
Montefiore, Dora, 18, 59, 67–8, 73, 76, 80, 83, 285–308, 333, 337–8, 341, 347–8, 350
Moorcroft Wood, George, 113, 116
Morant Jones, Harriet, 169
Morden, Clara, 84
Moscow, 19, 331–2, 336, 341–7, 352
mothercraft, 123–4
motherhood, xi, xiv, xvi, xvii, xix, 71, 77, 79, 122, 152, 240, 242–3, 251, 256–8, 305
Mountjoy prison, 138
Mud March (1907), 177
Mumbai, women’s suffrage in, xxii
Murphy, Ethel ‘Molly’, 345–6
Myra Lodge, 187
National Council for Combating Venereal Disease, 152–3
National Federation of Women Workers, 112
National Health Insurance, 126
National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage (NLOWS), 208, 315, 321
National Registration Day, 149
national service, xi, 149, 216, 251
National Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC), 120
National Society for Women’s Suffrage (NSWS), 25, 33–5, 193, 195
National Union of Gas Workers, 74
National Union of Railwaymen, 104
National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), xvi, 9–10, 32, 87, 91–2, 94, 96–98, 100–1, 104–5, 107, 109–10, 114–21, 125, 129, 132, 145, 151, 172–4, 177–8, 189, 191–3, 197, 199, 201, 203–4, 210–11, 220, 226, 290, 300, 315
National Vigilance Association of Scotland, 206, 210
nationalism/nationalist, xviii, xxii, 3, 11, 16, 18, 19, 31, 33, 39, 51(n), 53, 55, 93, 286–7, 296–7, 310, 314–20, 322, 325, 329, 354, 363
New Age, 197, 294
New York, 264, 266, 269–70, 272, 280–1, 295, 371, 374
New Zealand, 288–9, 309–10, 321, 327–8, 365
Newman, Ada, 112
Newsletter of the Blackburn High School Old Girls’ Association, 171
Nicholas II, Tsar, 286, 335
Nightingale, Florence, 82
Nineteenth Amendment, xxiv, 355–6, 359, 367–8, 370, 372, 374
No Conscription Fellowship (NCF), 151
No Surrender, 220, 223, 225, 228–9, 235
North London Collegiate School, 165, 168–9, 171–5, 181–2, 187
North of England Society for Women’s Suffrage, 175
Northern Men’s Federation for Women’s Suffrage, 297
Northwestern University settlement, 273
Notting Hill High School, 169, 171–2, 175, 180
Nottingham Girls’ High School, 165, 169–170
O’Callaghan, May, 332, 344–6
Observer, The, 227
old girls’ associations, 166–173, 176
Oliver, Eliza, 71
organizer, women’s suffrage in, xiv, 2, 69, 87–8, 91, 93–101, 104–7, 180, 196, 200–1, 273, 276, 291, 295, 338, 345, 364, 366
Our Magazine, 169–170, 173–4, 185
pacifism/pacifist, 19, 130–4, 137–9, 151, 320–2, 344, 347, 365
Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette, 196
Pankhurst, Adela, 99
Pankhurst, Christabel, 51(n), 61, 67–8, 74, 84, 133, 135(n), 143, 154, 240, 253, 258, 263, 267, 291, 312, 319, 365, 374
Pankhurst, Emmeline, 59, 67, 100, 133, 135, 202, 220, 223(n), 242(n), 249, 266–7, 288, 293, 353–4, 359, 365, 369, 374
Pankhurst, Sylvia, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxi, xxix, 18, 148, 263–83, 333, 336, 340, 342–3, 347, 363–5
Parliament Square, 146, 358
Parliament, Houses of, 1, 44(n), 57, 65–7, 76, 132, 141, 145–7, 167, 189, 205, 249, 251, 315, 324, 354, 362–3
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 30, 32(n), 37(n), 50, 51(n), 53
Parsons, Daisy, 85
Pärssinen, Hilja, 299, 302, 305–6
partial suffrage, ix, 137, 148–9, 212
patriotic suffragism, 129
Payne, Jessie and James, 279
Peace Crusade Bureau, 131
Pearman-Cooke, Ellen, 113–4, 116, 125
People’s Army (ELFS), 282
People’s Suffrage Federation, 117
Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline, 77, 93(n), 228, 267
Pethick-Lawrence, Fredrick, 228, 263, 267
petitions/petitioners (suffrage), xii, 8, 15, 25–7, 81, 132, 145, 167–8, 170, 176, 189, 195, 200, 205, 217, 223, 226, 228, 360, 363
Phillips, Mary, 196, 200
Plaistow, 65, 70
plays, 15, 143, 167, 179, 183, 185, 189, 213–4, 235
Pollok, Elizabeth, 198–9
Poor Law Guardians, 65, 73, 119, 232
postwar, xv, xvi, xix, xxiii, xxiv, 10, 126
Pot and Kettle, 218
Pott, Gladys, 208
Power Cobbe, Frances, 33
Press Bureau, 242, 342
Preston, women’s suffrage in, 140, 141(n)
Price White, Charlotte, 98, 100, 107
Prime Minister, 1, 67, 83, 115, 147, 155–7, 175–6, 216, 245, 369
Prince of Wales Relief Committee, 125
Prisons and Prisoners: Some Personal Experiences, 224
Procter, Zoe, 136(n), 138
property, role in franchise, xxiii, 31, 45, 68, 117, 125, 185, 252–3, 269, 285–7, 290, 295–6, 300, 302–7, 353, 361–2
Protestant, 30, 40, 42
Public House Trust, 194
Public Schools for Girls, 182
Quaker, 41–2, 45, 134, 314(n)
Queen’s Hall, 217(n), 218
Railway Servants’ Union, 194
Re-Bartlett, Lucy, 238, 242–3, 246, 248–9, 251–9
Red Cross, The, 125, 210, 353(n)
Redmond, John, 50(n), 53
Reform Acts (1867, 1884), 54, 145, 354, 370
Registration Bill (1915–1916), 145–6
Rent and Relief Committees, 274
Representation of the People Acts (1918, 1928), xxii, xxiv, 1, 7–8, 125, 155, 158, 370
Review of Reviews, The, 305
Rhondda Socialist, 103
Rhondda Valley, women’s suffrage in, 95, 105
Rhyl, women’s suffrage in, 95
Rigby, Edith, 140, 141(n)
Right to Work Committee, 83
Robertson, Anne, 26, 33–4, 45–8, 51–2
Robertson, Catherine, 26, 33(n), 40, 45–6, 51
Robertson, Margaret, 173–4
Robins, Elizabeth, 215, 220–5, 231, 235
Rochester, 371, 374
Rock, Dorothea, 136(n), 138–9, 140–1(n), 153
Roman Catholic Relief Act, 30
Roper, Esther, 59
Ross, Jeanie, 175
Royal Assent, 157–8, 354
Royal Commission for Venereal Disease, 149–55
Royal Holloway, women’s college, 172
Royden, Maude, 116, 132, 152–3
Russian Revolution, 266, 286, 303, 334–6, 343, 345, 352, 365, 367
Russian Women’s Battalion of Death, 365
Russo-Japanese war, xii
Sadd Brown, Myra, 175
Sanderson, Annie Cobden, 134, 136(n), 138, 142
Schofield Coates, Alice, 247–8
Schoolmaster, The, 178
schools (girls’), 17, 72, 97, 163–90, 232–3, 272, 279, 362
day schools, 163, 165–7
elementary schools, 120, 166–7, 169, 172, 178–9, 183–5, 188–9
Schreiner, Olive, xiii, xiv
Schutze, Gladys, 136(n), 138, 140, 147
Scotland, women’s suffrage in, 55, 191–212, 316
Scotsman, The, 195, 198
Scott Dickson, Charles, 204–5
Scottish Council for Women’s Trades (SCWT), 193, 200
Scottish Federation of Women’s Suffrage Societies, 175, 193
Scottish Trades Union Congress, 194
Scottish Women’s Hospitals, 132(n), 207, 210
Second Amendment, 371
Second World War, x, 350, 370
Select Committee, 145
servicemen, 125, 141(n), 142, 145
settlements/settlement movement 72–4, 76, 78, 264, 266, 270–3, 278–83, 363–4
sewing parties, 123
Sex and Sanctity, 243, 252, 256–7
Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act (1919), 7
sexual double standard, 18, 41(n), 154, 221, 240, 254
Sheehy Skeffington, Hanna, 19(n), 178, 319, 332, 336, 338–41
Shreve, George, 74, 82
Sidley, Marguerite, 81
Sillanpää, Miina, 291, 295, 297–8, 307
Silvertown, 65, 70
Sinn Féin, 314, 322
Six Point Group, 349–50
Slater, Julia, 118–21
Sleeping Beauty: A Midwinter Myth, 272, 280–1
Smethwick, 1919 General Election, 364
Smith, Mary Ann, 71
Social Democratic Federation (SDF) later British Socialist Party, 69, 289, 292, 298–9, 305
Social Democratic Party, 286, 299
socialism/socialist, xvi, 15, 60, 74, 76, 233, 238–9, 264–5, 268, 271, 282, 285–308, 310, 322, 331, 335, 338, 341–5, 350–1, 361, 363–4
Socialist, The, 306
Society of Friends, 41–2
soldiers, xiv, xix, 125, 145, 152–3, 229
Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Family Association, 125
South Africa, xiii, 306
South Wales Federation (NUWSS), 98, 105
South Wales Valleys, women’s suffrage in, 102–3
South Wales Worker, The, 103, 105
Spanish Civil War, 351
Sparborough, Jane, 67, 77
Speaker’s Conference on Electoral Reform (1916), 155–7, 207
Special Appeals (1896, 1866), 28
St Andrew’s Halls, 198–9
St George’s Hall, 136
St John, Christopher, 218–9
St Paul’s Girls’ School, 177
Standard, The, 178
Starbuck, Winifred, 185
Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, 41
Stead, W. T., 28
Stevenson, Henrietta, 176
Stockport, women’s suffrage in, 176
Stone, Lucy, 356
Strachey, Ray, 32
strike
birth, 18, 237–59, 262
marriage, 18, 237–62
rent, 274, 276–8
school, 188
sex, 237–59, 362
Stuart Mill, John, 29, 36, 229
Stuart Parnell, Charles, 30, 50, 53
Stuart Paterson, Miss, 201–2, 207
suffrage internationalism, 263–83, 285–308, 309–30
suffrage pledge, 137
Suffragette News Sheet, The (SNS), 129–59
Suffragette Sally, 220(n), 225–8, 230, 235
Suffragette, The, 133, 343
Suffragettes of the WSPU (SWSPU), 96, 129–59, 365
Sullivan, Olive, 269
Sunday School, 72
Sutton High School, 166, 178
Swansea and District Workers’ Journal, 103–4
Swansea, women’s suffrage in, 70, 96, 102–4
Swanwick, Helena, xvi, 14, 132, 203
sweated labour, 150, 276
Tax Resistance League, 175, 237
Taylor, Mrs, 201–2, 208
Taylorism, 268
Teachers’ Aid, The, 183–4
Teacher’s World, The, 178
temperance, 66, 89, 91, 120, 193–4, 286
Thacker, Eveline, 113, 116
Theatre Royal, Dublin in, 138, 315(n)
Thewlis, Dora, 165
Thorne, Will, 65
Three Nights in Women’s Lodging Houses, 231
thrift clubs, 123
Tidal Basin, 70
Times, The, 286, 321
TimesUp, 20
Tipperary Rooms, 125
Tod, Isabella, 41(n), 49, 55
Todd, Winifred, 182
Tonypandy riots, 95
Tout, Mary, 175
town directory, 125
Town Hall, 121
Toynbee Hall, 270
trade union/trade unionism, xx, 18, 66, 74–5, 79, 96, 104–6, 117, 164, 200, 228, 264, 269, 275, 286
Trades Council, 105
treasurer, 71, 136(n), 140, 172, 175, 340
Triangle Camp, 65
Truth, Sojourner, 357, 371
Ulster Women’s Unionist Council (UWUC), 31
Ulster, women’s politics in, 29, 31
Unemployed Workmen’s Act, 64, 78
Union of Practical Suffragists, 288
Union, Act of, 30, 314
unionists/unionism, in connection to Ireland, 30, 31, 43(n), 50–1, 54, 112–3, 204, 310, 314, 318–9, 349, 363
United Suffragists (US), 130, 132–3, 146–7, 149, 157
universal suffrage, 169, 294, 296, 368
University College of North Wales, 98
University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 99, 172
University of Glasgow, 200
University of Oxford, 7, 377
University of Wales, 100
Vaughan, Gertrude, 216
venereal disease, 149–54
Vickery Drysdale, Charles, 244–5
von Suttner, Bertha, xii, xiv
Vote, The, 133, 135, 157, 219, 302, 305
voter registration, 141, 145, 370
Votes for Women, motto, xxii, xxiv, 55, 57, 130, 136–7, 139, 142–5, 147, 154, 177, 184, 188, 195, 214, 240, 259, 285, 290, 293, 296, 300, 304, 331, 351
Votes for Women!, 73, 150, 220–1, 224(n)
Wald, Lillian D., 271, 278
Wales, women’s suffrage in, xiv, xv, 35, 87–107, 316
Wallace Dunlop, Marion, 237
Walsall, 16, 109–28
Walsall Advertiser, 110, 113, 115
Walsall Child Welfare Association (WCWA), 110, 121–5, 127
Walsall Labour Association, 120
Walsall Observer, 110, 119
War of Independence (Ireland 1919), 314, 320
Ward, Florence, 115
Ward, Mary Augusta (Mrs Humphry Ward), 215, 232–5
Warton, Jane (see also Lytton Constance), 224
Washington, 263
Webb, Alfred, 42, 45
Weekly Dispatch, The, 135
Welsh Union of Women’s Liberal Associations, 89
West Ham, 59–60, 64–5, 72
West Lancashire, Cheshire and North Wales Federation (NUWSS), 92, 98
West London Observer, The, 292
Westminster, 1, 27, 30, 35, 38, 43, 53, 55, 315, 343, 363
Whetstone of Wit, 168, 171
Whitman, Walt, 263
Wilde, Lord and Lady, 34
William Lowther, James, 155
Williams, Anne, 12, 95, 104
Williamson, Leila, 173
Wimbledon High School, 171, 185–6
Wimbledon High School Magazine, 186
Wimbledon, women’s suffrage in, 134, 138, 151
Winson Green prison, 115
Woman and Labour, xiii
Woman Question, 287, 292, 305
Woman with a Pack, The, 216
Woman’s Dreadnought, 144, 149, 281, 316
Woman’s Magazine, 178
Womanhood League of New South Wales, 288
Women Citizens’ Association, 212
women teachers, 163–5, 167, 172, 176–8
Women Writers’ Suffrage League (WWSL), 214–5, 220
Women’s Advocate, The, 42, 48, 56
Women’s Colleges, 172, 182
Women’s Co-operative Guild (WCG), 75, 103(n), 110, 117–21, 123, 126–7
Women’s Disabilities Removal Bill, 46–9
Women’s Franchise, 203–5
Women’s Freedom League (WFL), 18, 91, 92(n), 95–7, 130–4, 136(n), 137–9, 142–3, 145–9, 150(n), 152–3, 158–9, 175, 189, 204, 207, 225, 237–8, 245–50, 258–9, 300–3, 305, 331, 334(n)
Women’s Hall, The, 279–81(n)
Women’s Indian Association, xxii
Women’s Industrial Council, 78
Women’s Institutes (WI), xxv
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), xix, xx, 132(n), 140, 278, 333, 338, 341
Women’s Labour League, 72, 91, 101, 103
Women’s Liberal Federation (WLF), 81, 169, 198
Women’s Liberal Unionist Association, 31
Women’s Marches (2017), 21
Women’s National Anti-Suffrage League, 232
Women’s Peace Army, 320
Women’s Peace Crusade, 337
Women’s Police Volunteers, 159
Women’s Protective and Provident League, 269
Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), xiv, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 18, 59, 60–79, 81, 83–5, 87, 91–6, 99, 101, 103–9, 111, 113–9, 125, 129–31, 133–6(n), 137–40, 141(n), 143, 145, 147, 150, 151(n), 153, 154, 156, 158, 175, 177, 185, 187, 189, 192, 195–202, 211, 220, 224–5, 228, 237–8, 242–3, 245, 249, 254–5, 258, 263–9, 273, 275–9, 283, 288, 290–1, 293, 300, 302, 304, 314–5, 319, 331, 334(n), 337, 343, 345, 347, 353–4, 363, 365, 374
Women’s Suffrage in Finland, 302
Women’s Suffrage Journal, The, 25, 33, 35, 43
Women’s Suffrage Pilgrimage (1913), 173, 176
Women’s Suffrage Record, 203
Women’s Tax Resistance League, 237
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), 18, 264, 266, 269, 270(n), 271–5, 278, 281–3
Women’s World Committee Against War and Fascism, xxi, 340, 349
Woolf, Virginia, ix, xvi, xxv
Workers’ International Relief (WIR), 337–8
Workers’ Suffrage Federation (WSF, formerly ELFS), xv, 13, 148–9, 343
Wortham, Miss, 101–2
Wrexham, women’s suffrage in, 102
Yarl’s Wood Immigration Centre (2017), 20
Young Scots, 196
Zeppelin, xviii
Zetkin, Clara, 298–9, 346–7
Zurich, xix

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