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Achieving Access to Justice in a Business and Human Rights Context: Table of legislation

Achieving Access to Justice in a Business and Human Rights Context
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Dedication
  6. Contents
  7. Preface and acknowledgements
  8. Table of cases
  9. Table of legislation
  10. List of abbreviations
  11. Part I Setting the scene: access to justice and corporate accountability in Europe
    1. Chapter 1 Introduction
      1. 1 In search of justice and corporate accountability in Europe
      2. 2 Aim of the book
      3. 3 Scope
      4. 4 Key concepts
        1. Multinational enterprises
        2. Corporate accountability
        3. Transnational litigation against MNEs
      5. 5 Background to the book
        1. Globalization
        2. Social movements and cause-lawyering
        3. Access to justice
          1. Procedural versus substantive access to justice
          2. Access to justice or to remedy?
          3. Effective access to justice
          4. Access to justice and corporate accountability
      6. 6 Structure of the book
    2. Chapter 2 Corporate accountability and access to justice in international and European legal frameworks
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 The corporate accountability gap
        1. The international legal personality of non-State actors
        2. Corporate accountability in international and European human rights law
        3. Corporate accountability in international environmental law
      3. 3 Legal frameworks on access to justice
        1. Access to justice in international law
          1. Access to justice in international human rights law
          2. Access to justice in international environmental law
        2. Access to justice in European law
          1. Access to justice under the European Convention on Human Rights
          2. Access to justice in the European Union
      4. 4 The UN Framework and Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
        1. Pillar I: The State duty to protect human rights
        2. Pillar II: The corporate responsibility to respect human rights
        3. Pillar III: Effective access to remedy
          1. Framing effective access to remedy in the BHR context
          2. Added-value of Pillar III
        4. Reception of the UNGPs in Europe
      5. 5 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 3 The rise of transnational litigation against multinational enterprises
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Origins of transnational litigation against MNEs in common law jurisdictions
        1. The rise and fall of Alien Tort Statute litigation in the United States
        2. Transnational tort claims against MNEs
          1. United States
          2. Canada
          3. Australia
          4. England
            1. Jurisdiction
            2. Corporate group liability
            3. Access to evidence
            4. Litigation costs
      3. 3 Progressive development of transnational litigation against MNEs in European civil law jurisdictions
        1. France
          1. Criminal litigation
          2. Civil litigation
        2. Netherlands
          1. Criminal litigation
          2. Civil litigation
      4. 4 The role of the corporate accountability movement
        1. Understanding the corporate accountability movement
          1. Emergence
          2. Characteristics
          3. The European corporate accountability movement
        2. Legal mobilization for corporate accountability in Europe
          1. Strategic litigation
          2. Measuring the success of transnational litigation against MNEs
            1. Legal and non-legal benefits
            2. Out-of-court settlements
      5. 5 Conclusions
  12. Part II Suing multinational enterprises in Europe: comparing national experiences in civil law jurisdictions
    1. Chapter 4 Civil litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Jurisdiction of home State courts
        1. Corporate defendant domiciled in the EU
        2. Corporate defendant domiciled outside the EU
          1. Joining of co-defendants
          2. Forum necessitatis
        3. Lis pendens
      3. 3 The law applicable to transnational claims against MNEs
        1. Applicable law in transnational claims against MNEs
        2. The Rome II Regulation
          1. General rule: lex loci damni
          2. Residence of the parties
          3. Escape clause
          4. Environmental damage
          5. Freedom of choice
          6. Overriding mandatory provisions
          7. Rules of safety and conduct
          8. Public policy of the forum
        3. Towards a revision of the Rome II Regulation?
      4. 4 The procedural framework for initiating civil proceedings
        1. Right of action
        2. Standing of NGOs
        3. Collective redress
          1. EU efforts on collective redress
          2. Collective redress in France
          3. Collective redress in the Netherlands
      5. 5 Production of evidence
        1. Burden of proof
        2. Admissibility
        3. Disclosure
        4. Discovery
      6. 6 Remedies
        1. Damages
        2. Other remedies
      7. 7 The cost of civil litigation against MNEs
        1. The loser pays principle
        2. Access to legal aid
          1. The EU legal framework on legal aid
          2. National experiences
        3. Market-based funding mechanisms
      8. 8 Conclusions
    2. Chapter 5 Criminal litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Prosecuting MNEs for extraterritorial crimes
        1. The territoriality principle
        2. Alternative principles of jurisdiction
          1. Active personality
          2. Passive personality
          3. Universal jurisdiction
      3. 3 The participation of victims and NGOs in criminal proceedings
        1. Initiating criminal proceedings
        2. The rights of victims of crimes under EU law
          1. Victims’ right to receive information about their case
          2. Victims’ rights in the event of a decision not to prosecute
          3. Victims’ rights to legal aid and reimbursement of expenses
          4. Victims’ right to decision on compensation from the offender in the course of criminal proceedings
      4. 4 Production of evidence
      5. 5 Punishment for corporate crime and remedies for victims
        1. Criminal punishment for companies
        2. Remedies for victims
        3. Alternative mechanisms
          1. Restorative justice
          2. Plea bargaining
          3. Out-of-court settlements
      6. 6 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 6 Holding multinational enterprises liable in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Challenges to establishing the liability of MNEs
        1. MNEs as corporate groups
        2. Separate legal personality and limited liability within MNEs
        3. Separate legal personality and limited liability in France and the Netherlands
      3. 3 Bases for liability of the parent company
        1. Corporate veil piercing
          1. Company law
            1. France
            2. The Netherlands
          2. The single economic entity in competition law
          3. Voluntary liability
        2. Fault-based liability
          1. Tort law
            1. Direct liability
            2. Exclusion of vicarious liability
            3. The Shell case in the Netherlands
          2. Company law
          3. Environmental law
            1. France
              1. Legal framework
              2. The Erika case
            2. The Netherlands
          4. Labour law
            1. Co-employment
            2. The AREVA case
        3. Criminal liability
          1. Corporate criminal liability
          2. Criminal liability in corporate groups
          3. Elements of corporate criminal liability
            1. Actus reus
            2. Mens rea
      4. 4 Corporate social responsibility: an increasing source of liability?
      5. 5 Conclusions
  13. Part III Future pathways for access to justice in business and human rights
    1. Chapter 7 Achieving access to justice in Europe through mandatory due diligence legislation
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Unpacking human rights due diligence
        1. The concept of due diligence
        2. Human rights due diligence in the UNGPs
        3. Human rights due diligence and access to justice
      3. 3 Mandatory human rights due diligence in national legislation
        1. Mandatory human rights due diligence standards
        2. The French Act on the Duty of Vigilance
          1. The HRDD obligations of companies
          2. Liability regime
        3. The Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act
      4. 4 Towards mandatory human rights due diligence in the EU
        1. Existing EU due diligence standards
        2. Options for an EU instrument on mandatory human rights due diligence
          1. Scope
          2. HRDD obligations
          3. Enforcement
          4. Access to justice
      5. 5 Conclusions
    2. Chapter 8 Achieving access to justice through an international treaty on business and human rights
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 The contentious road to an international treaty on BHR
        1. The UNGPs’ failure to achieve access to justice
        2. The positions of the main stakeholders on a BHR Treaty
        3. Pros and cons of a BHR Treaty
          1. Arguments in support of a BHR Treaty
          2. Arguments against a BHR Treaty
      3. 3 The added-value of an international treaty on BHR for access to justice
        1. The type of international instrument
        2. Scope
        3. Content
          1. Business liability for human rights abuse
          2. Jurisdiction
            1. Jurisdiction in civil cases
            2. Jurisdiction in criminal cases
          3. Applicable law
          4. Participation of victims in proceedings
          5. Procedural and practical barriers
          6. Remedies
      4. 4 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 9 Conclusions
      1. 1 Main findings
      2. 2 Looking forward
  14. Index

Table of legislation

National legislation

England

- Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO)104
- Modern Slavery Act 2015 (MSA)300

France

- Code civil143
- Code de commerce246
- Code de l’environnement266, 268, 280
- Code de la consommation170
- Code de la sécurité sociale271
- Code de procédure civile143, 183
- Code de procédure pénale203
- Code du travail149
- Code pénal107, 274, 277, 278
- Loi du 1er juillet 1901 relative au contrat d’association164
- Loi n° 71-1130 du 31 décembre 1971 portant réforme de certaines professions judiciaires (Loi sur les professions judiciaires)194
- Loi n° 78-17 du 6 janvier 1978 relative à l’informatique, aux fichiers et aux libertés170
- Loi n° 91-647 du 10 juillet 1991 relative à l’aide juridique (Loi sur l’aide juridique)192, 222
- Loi n° 2004-204 du 9 mars 2004 portant adaptation de la justice aux évolutions de la criminalité273
- Loi n° 2010-788 du 12 juillet 2010 portant engagement national pour l’environnement (Loi Grenelle II)254
- Loi n° 2014-344 du 17 mars 2014 relative à la consommation (Loi Hamon)170
- Loi n° 2016-41 du 26 janvier 2016 de modernisation de notre système de santé170
- Loi n° 2016-1087 du 8 août 2016 pour la reconquête de la biodiversité, de la nature et des paysages266
- Loi n° 2016-1547 du 18 novembre 2016 de modernisation de la justice du XXIe siècle170
- Loi n° 2016-1691 du 9 décembre 2016 relative à la transparence, à la lutte contre la corruption et à la modernisation de la vie économique234
- Loi n° 2017-399 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et entreprises donneuses d’ordre301
- Proposition de loi n°1524 du 6 novembre 2013 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre127, 301
- Proposition de loi n°1519 du 6 novembre 2013 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre127, 301
- Proposition de loi n° 2578 du 11 février 2015 relative au devoir de vigilance des sociétés mères et des entreprises donneuses d’ordre309

Germany

Gesetz über die unternehmerischen Sorgfaltspflichten zur Vermeidung von Menschenrechtsverletzungen in Lieferketten vom 16. Juli 20218, 298

The Netherlands

- Burgerlijk Wetboek163
- Legal Aid Act 1994193
- The Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2008193
- Wet Collectieve Afhandeling Massaschade 2005 (WCAM)173
- Wet Conflictenrecht Onrechtmatige Daad 2001 (WCOD)154
- Wet Internationale Misdrijven 2003203
- Wet van 20 maart 2019 tot wijziging van het Burgerlijk Wetboek en het Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering teneinde de afwikkeling van massaschade in een collectieve actie mogelijk te maken (Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie)174
- Wet van 24 oktober 2019 houdende de invoering van een zorgplicht ter voorkoming van de levering van goederen en diensten die met behulp van kinderarbeid tot stand zijn gekomen (Wet zorgplicht kinderarbeid)8, 310
- Wetboek van Burgerlijke Rechtsvordering143
- Wetboek van Strafrecht199–200

United States

- Alien Tort Statute 28 USC § 1350 (1789) Alien’s Action for Tort5, 81

International and regional legislation

European Union

- Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU [2012] OJ C326/392 (EU Charter)9, 61
- Commission Recommendation of 11 June 2013 on common principles for injunctive and compensatory collective redress mechanisms in the Member States concerning violations of rights granted under Union Law [2013] OJ L201/60 (Recommendation on collective redress)167, 168
- Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/ 4760
- Council Directive 2002/8/EC of 27 January 2003 to improve access to justice in cross-border disputes by establishing minimum common rules relating to legal aid for such disputes [2003] OJ L26/41 (Directive on legal aid)191
- Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [2001] OJ L12/1 (Brussels I Regulation)93
- Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public participation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and programmes relating to the environment and amending with regard to public participation and access to justice Council Directives 85/337/EEC and 96/61/EC [2003] OJ L156/1757
- Directive 2003/4/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2003 on public access to environmental information and repealing Council Directive 90/313/EEC [2003] OJ L41/2657
- Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA [2012] OJ L315/57 (Directive on the rights of victims of crimes)61, 218, 221
- Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings, amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC [2013] OJ L 182/19 (EU Accounting Directive)314
- Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups [2014] OJ L330/1 (NFRD)77, 314
- Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC [2020] OJ L409/1168
- European Parliament Resolution of 2 February 2012 on ‘Towards a Coherent European Approach to Collective Redress’ (2011/2089(INI))168
- Regulation (EC) 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non-contractual obligations [2007] OJ L199/40 (Rome II Regulation)153
- Regulation (EC) No 1367/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the application of the provisions of the Aarhus Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision- making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters to Community institutions and bodies [2006] OJ L264/1357
- Regulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017 laying down supply chain due diligence obligations for Union importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten, their ores, and gold originating from conflict- affected and high- risk areas [2017] OJ L130/1 (EU Conflict Minerals Regulation)313
- Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in civil and commercial matters [2012] OJ L351/1 (recast Brussels I Regulation)142
- Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place timber and timber products on the market [2010] OJ L295/23 (EU Timber Regulation)312
- Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community [2007] OJ C306/1 (Treaty of Lisbon)9, 61

International

- Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (adopted 22 March 1989, entered into force 5 May 1992) 1673 UNTS 5756
- Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (adopted 10 December 1984, entered into force 26 June 1987) 1465 UNTS 85 (Convention against Torture)49, 212
- Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights, as amended)9, 40
- Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (adopted 25 June 1998, entered into force 30 October 2001) 2161 UNTS 447 (Aarhus Convention)10, 54
- Convention on Biological Diversity (adopted 5 June 1992, entered into force 29 December 1993) 1760 UNTS 7947
- Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgements in Civil and Commercial Matters (adopted 27 September 1968, entered into force 1 February 1973) 1262 UNTS 15393
- Convention on the Protection of the Environment through Criminal Law (adopted 4 November 1998) CETS No 17247
- Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (adopted 13 December 2006, entered into force 3 May 2008) 2515 UNTS 349
- International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (adopted 20 December 2006, entered into force 23 December 2010) 2716 UNTS 349, 212
- International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (adopted 29 November 1969, entered into force 19 June 1975) 973 UNTS 3266
- International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (adopted 7 March 1966, entered into force 4 January 1969) 660 UNTS 19549
- International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (adopted 18 December 1990, entered into force 1 July 2003) 2220 UNTS 349
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 19 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 17139
- International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 339
- Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (adopted 25 May 2000, entered into force 18 January 2002) 2171 UNTS 22749
- Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (adopted on 13 June 1992) UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (vol I)50, 350
- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (adopted 17 July 1998, entered into force 1 July 2002) 2187 UNTS 3203
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 December 1948) UNGA Res 217 A(III) (UDHR)44

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