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Achieving Access to Justice in a Business and Human Rights Context: Index

Achieving Access to Justice in a Business and Human Rights Context
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Dedication
  6. Contents
  7. Preface and acknowledgements
  8. Table of cases
  9. Table of legislation
  10. List of abbreviations
  11. Part I Setting the scene: access to justice and corporate accountability in Europe
    1. Chapter 1 Introduction
      1. 1 In search of justice and corporate accountability in Europe
      2. 2 Aim of the book
      3. 3 Scope
      4. 4 Key concepts
        1. Multinational enterprises
        2. Corporate accountability
        3. Transnational litigation against MNEs
      5. 5 Background to the book
        1. Globalization
        2. Social movements and cause-lawyering
        3. Access to justice
          1. Procedural versus substantive access to justice
          2. Access to justice or to remedy?
          3. Effective access to justice
          4. Access to justice and corporate accountability
      6. 6 Structure of the book
    2. Chapter 2 Corporate accountability and access to justice in international and European legal frameworks
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 The corporate accountability gap
        1. The international legal personality of non-State actors
        2. Corporate accountability in international and European human rights law
        3. Corporate accountability in international environmental law
      3. 3 Legal frameworks on access to justice
        1. Access to justice in international law
          1. Access to justice in international human rights law
          2. Access to justice in international environmental law
        2. Access to justice in European law
          1. Access to justice under the European Convention on Human Rights
          2. Access to justice in the European Union
      4. 4 The UN Framework and Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights
        1. Pillar I: The State duty to protect human rights
        2. Pillar II: The corporate responsibility to respect human rights
        3. Pillar III: Effective access to remedy
          1. Framing effective access to remedy in the BHR context
          2. Added-value of Pillar III
        4. Reception of the UNGPs in Europe
      5. 5 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 3 The rise of transnational litigation against multinational enterprises
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Origins of transnational litigation against MNEs in common law jurisdictions
        1. The rise and fall of Alien Tort Statute litigation in the United States
        2. Transnational tort claims against MNEs
          1. United States
          2. Canada
          3. Australia
          4. England
            1. Jurisdiction
            2. Corporate group liability
            3. Access to evidence
            4. Litigation costs
      3. 3 Progressive development of transnational litigation against MNEs in European civil law jurisdictions
        1. France
          1. Criminal litigation
          2. Civil litigation
        2. Netherlands
          1. Criminal litigation
          2. Civil litigation
      4. 4 The role of the corporate accountability movement
        1. Understanding the corporate accountability movement
          1. Emergence
          2. Characteristics
          3. The European corporate accountability movement
        2. Legal mobilization for corporate accountability in Europe
          1. Strategic litigation
          2. Measuring the success of transnational litigation against MNEs
            1. Legal and non-legal benefits
            2. Out-of-court settlements
      5. 5 Conclusions
  12. Part II Suing multinational enterprises in Europe: comparing national experiences in civil law jurisdictions
    1. Chapter 4 Civil litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Jurisdiction of home State courts
        1. Corporate defendant domiciled in the EU
        2. Corporate defendant domiciled outside the EU
          1. Joining of co-defendants
          2. Forum necessitatis
        3. Lis pendens
      3. 3 The law applicable to transnational claims against MNEs
        1. Applicable law in transnational claims against MNEs
        2. The Rome II Regulation
          1. General rule: lex loci damni
          2. Residence of the parties
          3. Escape clause
          4. Environmental damage
          5. Freedom of choice
          6. Overriding mandatory provisions
          7. Rules of safety and conduct
          8. Public policy of the forum
        3. Towards a revision of the Rome II Regulation?
      4. 4 The procedural framework for initiating civil proceedings
        1. Right of action
        2. Standing of NGOs
        3. Collective redress
          1. EU efforts on collective redress
          2. Collective redress in France
          3. Collective redress in the Netherlands
      5. 5 Production of evidence
        1. Burden of proof
        2. Admissibility
        3. Disclosure
        4. Discovery
      6. 6 Remedies
        1. Damages
        2. Other remedies
      7. 7 The cost of civil litigation against MNEs
        1. The loser pays principle
        2. Access to legal aid
          1. The EU legal framework on legal aid
          2. National experiences
        3. Market-based funding mechanisms
      8. 8 Conclusions
    2. Chapter 5 Criminal litigation against multinational enterprises in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Prosecuting MNEs for extraterritorial crimes
        1. The territoriality principle
        2. Alternative principles of jurisdiction
          1. Active personality
          2. Passive personality
          3. Universal jurisdiction
      3. 3 The participation of victims and NGOs in criminal proceedings
        1. Initiating criminal proceedings
        2. The rights of victims of crimes under EU law
          1. Victims’ right to receive information about their case
          2. Victims’ rights in the event of a decision not to prosecute
          3. Victims’ rights to legal aid and reimbursement of expenses
          4. Victims’ right to decision on compensation from the offender in the course of criminal proceedings
      4. 4 Production of evidence
      5. 5 Punishment for corporate crime and remedies for victims
        1. Criminal punishment for companies
        2. Remedies for victims
        3. Alternative mechanisms
          1. Restorative justice
          2. Plea bargaining
          3. Out-of-court settlements
      6. 6 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 6 Holding multinational enterprises liable in France and the Netherlands
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Challenges to establishing the liability of MNEs
        1. MNEs as corporate groups
        2. Separate legal personality and limited liability within MNEs
        3. Separate legal personality and limited liability in France and the Netherlands
      3. 3 Bases for liability of the parent company
        1. Corporate veil piercing
          1. Company law
            1. France
            2. The Netherlands
          2. The single economic entity in competition law
          3. Voluntary liability
        2. Fault-based liability
          1. Tort law
            1. Direct liability
            2. Exclusion of vicarious liability
            3. The Shell case in the Netherlands
          2. Company law
          3. Environmental law
            1. France
              1. Legal framework
              2. The Erika case
            2. The Netherlands
          4. Labour law
            1. Co-employment
            2. The AREVA case
        3. Criminal liability
          1. Corporate criminal liability
          2. Criminal liability in corporate groups
          3. Elements of corporate criminal liability
            1. Actus reus
            2. Mens rea
      4. 4 Corporate social responsibility: an increasing source of liability?
      5. 5 Conclusions
  13. Part III Future pathways for access to justice in business and human rights
    1. Chapter 7 Achieving access to justice in Europe through mandatory due diligence legislation
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 Unpacking human rights due diligence
        1. The concept of due diligence
        2. Human rights due diligence in the UNGPs
        3. Human rights due diligence and access to justice
      3. 3 Mandatory human rights due diligence in national legislation
        1. Mandatory human rights due diligence standards
        2. The French Act on the Duty of Vigilance
          1. The HRDD obligations of companies
          2. Liability regime
        3. The Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act
      4. 4 Towards mandatory human rights due diligence in the EU
        1. Existing EU due diligence standards
        2. Options for an EU instrument on mandatory human rights due diligence
          1. Scope
          2. HRDD obligations
          3. Enforcement
          4. Access to justice
      5. 5 Conclusions
    2. Chapter 8 Achieving access to justice through an international treaty on business and human rights
      1. 1 Introduction
      2. 2 The contentious road to an international treaty on BHR
        1. The UNGPs’ failure to achieve access to justice
        2. The positions of the main stakeholders on a BHR Treaty
        3. Pros and cons of a BHR Treaty
          1. Arguments in support of a BHR Treaty
          2. Arguments against a BHR Treaty
      3. 3 The added-value of an international treaty on BHR for access to justice
        1. The type of international instrument
        2. Scope
        3. Content
          1. Business liability for human rights abuse
          2. Jurisdiction
            1. Jurisdiction in civil cases
            2. Jurisdiction in criminal cases
          3. Applicable law
          4. Participation of victims in proceedings
          5. Procedural and practical barriers
          6. Remedies
      4. 4 Conclusions
    3. Chapter 9 Conclusions
      1. 1 Main findings
      2. 2 Looking forward
  14. Index

Index

access to justice
Aarhus Convention, 9, 54–57
and corporate accountability, 31–32
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 339–341, 343–344, 351–367
definition of, 25–32
effectiveness, 30–31, 49, 52, 53, 57, 60, 62, 191
equality before the law, 26, 28, 52, 130
equality before courts, 52
equality of arms, 37, 52, 58, 102, 175, 177–180, 191, 366, 377
fair trial, 49, 51, 58–59, 62, 79, 89, 95, 191, 345, 358, 365, 377
in the European Union, 60–62
international environmental law, 53–57
international human rights law, 49–53
procedural, 25–28
remedy, 29–30, 59
substantive, 25–28
symbolic, 25–28, 31
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 74–75, 333–335
accountability
corporate accountability, 15
definition of, 14–15
Alien Tort Statute (ATS)
description of, 82
Doe v Unocal, 83
Filártiga v Peña-Irala, 81
foreign corporations, 84
Jesner v Arab Bank, 84–85
Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co, 84–85
Nestle USA Inc. v Doe, 85
presumption against extraterritoriality, 84
Wiwa v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co, 83–84
Alstom, 113, 143, 148, 156, 165, 166, 189, 281–282
Amesys, 109, 2016, 276
AREVA, 114–115, 155, 185, 262, 271–273, 281
Australia, 11, 90–91
Bangladesh, 88, 111
bankruptcy, 263–265
banks, 84, 113, 314
Basic Principles on the Right to a Remedy, 52–53, 74, 362–363
Bhopal, 86, 119
Bilchitz, D., 333–334, 339, 345, 351
Bourdon, W., 122–124, 128, 132
Brexit, 12, 93
Brussels I Regulation. See Recast Brussels I Regulation
business and human rights
field of, 6–7, 64, 75, 232, 376
treaty, 332–369
UN Forum on Business and Human Rights, 122, 335
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), 7–9, 29, 39, 63–80, 167, 175, 184, 189, 193, 287–288, 290–292, 293–299, 303, 318–320, 323, 329–330, 333–335, 340–348, 350–353, 366–367, 370, 375–376
UN Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework (UN Framework), 7–9, 39, 45, 63–64, 66–68, 70–75, 79, 346, 370
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 332–369
access to justice, 344–345, 348, 350–351, 361, 363, 365, 367
applicable law, 361–362
burden of proof, 364–365
costs, 365–366
due diligence, 353
EU position, 336–338, 342–344, 348
evidence, 348, 360–361, 364–365, 368
funding, 366
jurisdiction in civil cases, 356–359
jurisdiction in criminal cases, 359–361
jurisdiction, 348, 352, 354, 356–361, 366–368
liability, 340, 351–356, 359, 361, 367
mutual legal assistance, 360–361
opposition to, 333, 336, 343
remedies, 340–341, 345, 347–348, 351, 353, 358, 363–364, 366–367
scope, 333, 337, 342–343, 349–350
type of international instrument, 344–349
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), 333–335, 340–348, 350–353, 366–367
victims, 333–335, 340, 343–345, 351, 353, 356–361, 362–364, 365–367
Cameroon, 106–107, 201–202
Canada, 87–90
Anvil Mining, 88–89
forum non conveniens, 88–89
Hudbay Minerals, 88–90
Nevsun, 89–90, 335
Tahoe Resources, 88–90
cause-lawyering, 21, 104, 118, 124–125, 127, 134–135, 371–372
definition of, 24–25
European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR), 112, 123, 126–127, 129, 225
Leigh Day, 92, 103–104, 122–123, 125, 131, 133–134
Prakken d’Oliveira, 123–125
Sherpa, 108, 110–113, 123–128, 131–132, 134, 183, 219, 224–225, 272, 281, 358
choice of law, 153–162, 361–362
Rome II Regulation, 156–162
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 361–362
civil law and procedure
civil litigation, 82–105, 113–115, 117–118
environmental liability, 265–269
evidence, 86, 92, 94–95, 101–103, 174–184
jurisdiction, 86–87, 88–95, 142–153
labour liability, 269–273
legal aid, 58–59, 62, 71, 86, 104–105, 124, 191–193
punitive damages, 86, 160, 186–187
remedies, 184–187
standing, 162–174
tort liability, 254–262
civil law jurisdictions
Belgium, 6, 24, 134, 233
Finland, 8, 298
Germany, 6, 8, 24, 105–106, 123, 126–127, 298, 336
Sweden, 6, 105
Switzerland, 6, 105, 123, 299
transnational litigation in, 6, 11–13, 105–106, 182, 193, 197, 371
civil society organizations (CSOs). See non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
trade union, 122
climate change, 256, 305, 346, 375–376
Milieudefensie v RDS, 256, 376
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 346
co-defendants
joining of, 144–147, 357–359
Kiobel, 146–147
Shell, 146–147
collective redress, 88, 103, 166–174, 195, 327–328, 372
class action, 90–91, 167, 169, 171, 363
consumer protection, 168–169, 173, 195
due diligence, 327–328
environment, 167–168, 170–173
EU, 167–169, 327
France, 169–171
group action, 72, 86, 92, 103, 133, 169–171
Netherlands, 171–174
Shell, 172–173
Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie (WACAM), 174
common law jurisdictions
Australia, 11, 90–91
Canada, 87–90
England, 5, 86, 91–105, 108, 123, 128, 131, 180, 184, 335, 371
United States, 5, 82–87, 336, 343
conflict of laws. See Choice of law
Congo, Democratic Republic of, 6, 88–89, 183
Congo, Republic of, 114, 148–151
consumer law, 164, 168–169, 173, 195, 290, 300
collective redress, 168–169, 173, 195
Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act, 310
misleading advertising, 110
Council of Europe (CoE), 9–10, 12, 77, 47, 57, 77
Committee of Ministers, 77–78
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 9, 40–41, 49, 58–59, 62, 77–78, 79, 148–149, 151, 165–166, 180, 206, 319
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 9, 40–41, 58–59, 113, 151, 166, 188, 206
company law, 77, 239–243, 245, 248–251, 253, 263, 283, 377
France, 249–251, 253, 263–264
Netherlands, 251, 254, 263–264
competition law, 168, 170, 173, 252–253, 283
Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), 9–10, 54–57
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 52
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 28, 49, 52
corporate accountability, 14–15, 31–32
and access to justice, 31–32
definition of, 14–15
globalization, 19–21
in international law, 35–48
corporate accountability movement, 118–137. See also social movement.
agenda, 120–121
characteristics, 120–125
Europe, 122–128
legal mobilization, 125–128
Leigh Day, 92, 103–104, 122–123, 125, 131, 133–134
out-of-court settlements, 131–135, 137
Sherpa, 108, 110–113, 123–128, 131–132, 134, 183, 219, 224–225, 272, 281, 358
subaltern legality, 121
tactics, 120, 124, 130
corporate group
control, 239–248, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 264–265, 267–269, 271–72, 281, 283
France, 240–241, 243, 246–247
liability of, 238–284
multinational enterprises (MNEs), 3, 13–14, 239–243
Netherlands, 241–243, 246–247
ownership, 239–240, 243–245, 271
parent company, 238, 243–245, 247, 248–280, 283
subsidiary, 240, 242, 244, 247, 248–280, 283
veil piercing, 85, 95, 245–246, 248–254, 283
corporate social responsibility (CSR), 8–9, 76, 110, 119, 280–284, 317, 335, 340, 368, 372
BATCO, 282
corporate accountability, 14–15
effectiveness of, 48, 119, 280–284, 340, 368, 372
in Europe, 9, 76, 123, 317
legal obligations, 280–284, 368
voluntary initiatives, 110, 335, 340, 368, 372
corporate veil, 85, 95, 245–246, 248–254, 283
corporation
international environmental obligations, 45–48
international human rights obligations, 41–45
multinational enterprises (MNEs), 3, 13–14, 239–243
costs, 26, 71–72, 86, 91–92, 103–105, 124, 127, 135, 148, 171, 174, 185, 188–193, 195, 221, 348, 364–366, 368
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 348, 364–366, 368
France, 189–190, 192, 194, 217, 221–222
legal aid, 58–59, 62, 86, 104, 124, 189, 191–193, 195, 219, 221–223, 327, 364, 366
legal fee structures, 189
litigation insurance, 104, 189, 193
loser pays principle, 189–191
market-based funding, 193–194
Netherlands, 190, 193–194, 221–222, 223
Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 62, 93, 191, 252
COVID–19, 377–378
criminal law and procedure, 197–237, 273–280
compensation of victims, 223–226, 231–232, 235–236
corporate group liability, 238–284
criminal litigation, 106–113, 115–116, 197–237
evidence, 226–228
extraterritorial crimes, 198–214
jurisdiction, 198–214
legal aid, 219, 221–223
liability, 273–280
plea bargaining, 234–236
public prosecutor, 106–111, 115–116, 136, 197–198, 204–209, 212, 214, 215–218, 219–221, 225–228, 233–235, 237, 359–361, 373
restorative justice, 232–233
rights of victims, 218–226, 363–364
sanctions, 228–230, 234, 237, 293, 311, 353, 367
Deva, S., 75, 334–335, 339–340, 349–350
director, 89, 106–107, 111, 116, 183, 204, 208, 214, 227, 241–243, 246, 263–264, 268–269, 277, 354
due diligence
Act on Duty of Vigilance, 7, 69, 298–299, 301–309
and access to justice, 292–297, 325–229
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 340, 352–353, 356
definition of, 288–290
disclosure obligations, 300, 314–315
enforcement, 324–325
environmental due diligence, 263, 312–314, 320
EU Initiative, 8, 312, 316–329
Germany, 8, 298
human rights due diligence (HRDD), 7, 69, 263, 288, 290–292
international law, 289–290
liability, 306–309
mandatory HRDD, 297–300
Netherlands, 8, 298–299, 310–312
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, 7, 67, 69, 287–288, 290–292
vigilance plan, 301–308, 330
duty of care, 69, 90, 92, 94–101, 102, 117, 136, 181, 256, 258–262, 263–264, 281–282, 301, 310, 347
Chandler v Cape plc, 95–97, 259–260
Vedanta Resources Plc v Lungowe, 97–99, 101, 136
England
AAA v Unilever Plc, 97–98
accessory liability, 100–101
Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman, 96, 100, 260
Chandler v Cape Plc, 95–97, 259–260
corporate group liability, 95–101
disclosure, 102–103
evidence, 101–103
forum non conveniens, 92–93
Guerrero v Monterrico Metals Plc, 92, 125, 128, 131
jurisdiction, 92–95
Kalma v African Minerals Ltd, 100–101
Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO), 104–105
litigation costs, 103–104
Motto v Trafigura Ltd, 92, 103–104, 131, 133
Okpabi v Royal Dutch Shell Plc, 94–95, 99, 101–103
Vedanta Resources Plc v Lungowe, 97–99, 101, 136
Enneking, L., 16
environmental justice, 54–57
environmental law
Erika, 266–268
France, 265–268
International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 266, 268
Netherlands, 268–269
pure environmental damage, 266
remedies, 184–185, 187
European Commission, 57, 76–77, 144, 148, 167–168, 312, 316–317, 320–321, 331, 348
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), 9, 40–41, 49, 58–59, 62, 77–78, 79, 148–149, 151, 165–166, 180, 206, 319
direct third-party effect, 40
extraterritoriality, 41
responsibility of private companies, 40
right to a fair trial, 58–59, 62, 79
right to an effective remedy, 59–60, 62, 79
State obligation to protect, 40–41
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 9, 40–41, 58–59, 113, 151, 166, 188, 206
Lόpez Ostra v Spain, 41
European Parliament, 76, 317, 338, 340
European Union
business and human rights, 75–78
Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter), 9, 61–62, 165, 191, 319
collective redress, 167–169, 327
due diligence, 8, 312, 316–329
environmental law, 56–57, 158–159, 312–316
non-financial disclosure, 77, 314–316
private international law, 141–414, 151–162
Recast Brussels I Regulation, 141–144, 151–153
Rome II Regulation, 153–162
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU), 60–61, 169
victims’ rights, 218–226
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (EU FRA), 9, 76–77
evidence
admissibility, 176–177
applicable law, 153–162
burden of proof, 175–176
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 348, 360–361, 364–365, 368
disclosure, 177–182
discovery, 182–184, 364–365
France, 175–178, 182–184
in civil proceedings, 86, 92, 94–95, 101–103, 174–184
in criminal proceedings, 226–228
inquiry in futurum, 182–184
Netherlands, 175–177, 179–182
extractive industries, 4, 15, 87–91, 100, 107, 114, 148, 271–273
extraterritorial jurisdiction (criminal matters)
active personality, 204–209
dual criminality, 201–202
France, 199–114
indivisibility of offences, 200–201
locus delicti, 199, 202–203, 207
Netherlands, 199–114
passive personality, 210–211
Public Prosecutor v Kouwenhoven, 209
Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat, 208–29
Riwal, 116, 204, 208, 214
territoriality principle, 199–203
theory of ubiquity, 200
Trafigura, 205, 207–208, 115–116
universal jurisdiction, 211–214
Fédération Internationale pour les Droits Humains (FIDH), 108–110
foreign direct investment (FDI), 6, 15, 37, 106
foreign direct liability (FDL), 11, 15–16
forum necessitatis
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 357–359
COMILOG, 148–151
France, 147–151
Netherlands, 147–148
Recast Brussels I Regulation, 148
forum non conveniens, 31, 86
Australia, 91
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 357–359, 368
Canada, 88–89
England, 92–93
United States, 86
France
Act on the Duty of Vigilance, 127, 263, 299, 301–309, 324, 326, 330, 374
civil litigation, 113–115
Court of Cassation, 107, 111–112, 114–115, 150–151, 153, 164–165, 178, 185, 187, 200–201, 205, 225, 240, 243, 249–250, 255, 257, 265, 267–268, 271–272, 275–276, 278–279, 302
criminal litigation, 106–113
French Civil Code, 143, 149–150, 175–176, 246, 254, 257, 263, 266, 306
French Code of Civil Procedure, 143–144, 150, 182, 189
French Code of Criminal Procedure, 203, 211–212
French Commercial Code, 240–241, 246–247, 249, 253, 264, 272, 301–302, 306
French Criminal Code, 107, 151, 199, 200–201, 203–204, 205, 210, 273–274, 276–277
Sherpa, 108, 110–113, 123–128, 132, 134, 183, 219, 224–225, 272, 281, 358
France, case-law in
Alstom, 113–114, 143, 148, 156, 165–166, 189–190, 281–282
Amesys, 109–110, 216, 276
AREVA, 114–115, 155, 185, 262, 271–273, 281
Auchan, 111, 216
BNP Paribas, 113, 276
Bolloré, 115, 178
COMILOG, 114, 148–151, 167, 178, 185, 262
DLH, 108–109, 201, 216, 227
Erika, 266–268, 281
Lafarge, 112–113, 225, 275–277
Perenco, 183–184
Qosmos, 110, 276
Rougier, 106–107, 201, 205, 235, 276
Samsung, 110–111
Total (cases against), 6, 107, 131–132, 134, 216, 236, 266–268, 273, 281, 304–306
Vinci, 111–112, 127, 130, 216
Friends of the Earth, 122, 125
Amis de la Terre, 106–107, 108, 183
Milieudefensie, 107, 117, 125, 172, 180, 181, 188, 190, 256
globalization, 17–20, 22–24, 63, 130, 377
economic globalization, 3, 16, 18, 81
transnational law, 20–21
Germany, 6, 8, 24, 105–106, 123, 126–127, 298, 336
health and safety, 96–97, 160–161, 272, 278, 281, 301–302, 308, 377
insurgent cosmopolitanism, 17, 23
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CPED), 50, 212
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), 50, 52
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 39, 49–52
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 39, 50
international environmental law, 9, 45–48, 54–57, 266, 268
international legal personality, 35–37, 42, 79, 370
definition of, 35
of non-State actors, 36–37, 42, 79, 370
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), 112
Israel, 113, 116, 156, 227
Ivory Coast, 85, 103, 108, 115–116, 118, 133, 205, 207–208
Probo Koala, 103, 108, 115
labour law, 160, 186, 269–273, 284, 290
AREVA, 114–115, 155, 185, 262, 271–273, 281
co-employment, 270–273
labour rights, 106, 110, 269
Lafarge, 112–113, 225, 275–277
legal aid
Business and Human Rights Treaty, 364, 366
Europe, 58–59, 62, 191–192
France, 192, 222
in civil proceedings, 58–59, 62, 71, 86, 104–105, 124, 191–193
in criminal proceedings, 219, 221–223
LASPO, 104–105
Netherlands, 193, 223
legal opportunity structure, 127
Leigh Day, 92, 103–104, 122–125, 131–134
liability
accessory liability, 100
corporate criminal liability, 106, 127, 273–280, 359
corporate group, 15, 31, 44, 72, 95–101, 106, 124, 137, 175–176, 182, 199, 237, 238–284, 287, 301, 309, 316, 318, 320, 371–373
criminal liability, 45, 78, 106, 127, 207, 229–230, 273–280, 284, 354–355, 359
direct liability, 15–16, 254–257, 307, 354, 368
director liability, 263–264
fault-based liability, 254–269, 283, 307
impunity, 23, 25, 31, 42, 81, 126, 130, 238, 305, 338, 340, 378
limited liability, 20, 238, 239, 242, 243–248, 249–250, 253, 268, 270, 283, 317, 321, 373
tort liability, 6, 95, 263, 265, 301
vicarious liability, 254, 257–258, 274, 307
voluntary liability, 253–254
limited liability, 20, 238, 239, 242, 243–248, 249–250, 253, 268, 270, 283, 317, 321, 373
loser pays principle, 189–191
media, 122, 128, 170
Meeran, R., 92, 93, 95
Methven O’Brien, C., 66, 346
Milieudefensie, 117, 125, 172, 180, 181, 188, 190, 256
misleading advertising, 110–111
modern slavery, 300
Muchlinski, P., 244, 248
multilateral environmental agreement (MEA), 46
multinational national enterprise (MNE), 3, 13–14, 81, 142, 197, 237–284, 287
definition of, 13
liability, 237–284
OECD Guidelines, 13, 282, 287, 340
Myanmar, 6, 107, 134, 236
National Action Plan (NAP), 77, 335, 348
Netherlands
Dutch Civil Code, 163, 186, 241–242, 246–247, 254–256, 258–259, 264
Dutch Code of Civil Procedure, 143–145, 147–148, 153, 176–177, 179, 182, 190
Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, 145, 207, 223, 225, 233
Dutch Criminal Code, 199, 202–204, 206, 208–210, 230–231, 274–275, 277
International Crimes Act (ICA), 203–204, 208, 210, 213–214
Prakken d’Oliveira, 123–125
Netherlands, case law in
Kiobel, 84–85, 117–118, 145–147, 155, 181–184
Milieudefensie v RDS, 117, 256, 376
Probo Koala, 108, 115–116
Public Prosecutor v Kouwenhoven, 209
Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat, 208, 226
Riwal, 116, 204, 208, 214, 227
Shell, 117–118, 124–125, 127, 129, 136, 143–147, 152, 154–155, 159, 172–173, 179–182, 184–185, 187–188, 190, 193, 258–262, 282–283, 335
Nigeria, 4, 84, 94, 102, 117, 122, 125, 127, 145–147, 152, 154–155, 172, 181, 187–188, 193, 258–262, 282
non-financial information disclosure, 77, 316
non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Amis de la Terre, 106–108
corporate accountability movement, 118–137, 372
Corporate Responsibility Coalition, 123
ECCHR, 112, 123, 126–127, 129, 225
European Coalition for Corporate Justice (ECCJ),122
FIDH, 108–111
Global Witness, 108, 228
Milieudefensie, 117, 125, 172, 180, 181, 188, 190, 256
Sherpa, 108, 110–113, 123–128, 131–132, 134, 183, 219, 224–225, 272, 281, 358
social movement, 21–22, 24, 32, 105, 118, 136
Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights (OHCHR), 288, 291–297
oil spill, 4, 5, 48, 91–94, 102, 117, 119, 132, 147, 155, 172, 180–181, 184, 187, 195, 258, 260–262, 267, 283
Open-Ended Intergovernmental Working Group on Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with respect to Human Rights (OEIGWG), 340, 336–338, 344, 349, 356, 361, 369
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 14, 35, 119, 282, 287
Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 13, 287
polluter pays principle, 47
precautionary principle, 47
prevention, 48, 70, 184, 260, 300, 352
private international law
applicable law, 20, 91, 146, 154–162, 239, 241, 351, 361, 375
choice of jurisdiction, 20, 141–153
denial of justice, 51, 72, 93, 114, 147–151
Recast Brussels I Regulation, 142–145, 148, 151–153
Rome II Regulation 153–154, 156–162, 175, 184–185, 238–239, 373
Probo Koala, 103, 108, 115–116
public prosecutor, 106–111, 115–116, 136, 197–198, 204–209, 212, 214, 215–218, 219–221, 225–228, 233–235, 237, 359–361, 373
Rana Plaza building collapse (Bangladesh), 88
Recast Brussels I Regulation, 142–145, 148, 151–153. See also Brussels I Regulation
defendant domiciled in the EU, 142–143
forum necessitatis, 147–148
joining of co-defendants, 144–147
lis pendens, 151–153
non-EU defendant, 144
remedies, 16, 29, 30, 34, 48–51, 53, 55–56, 62–63, 71, 73, 75, 77, 88, 93, 105, 120, 124, 129, 132, 134, 137, 158, 184–188, 194, 95, 228–237, 287, 293, 294–295, 300, 309, 311, 316, 318, 325, 327, 329–331, 333, 340, 341, 347, 351, 353, 366–368, 371, 374, 376
damages, 15, 34, 83, 86, 96, 103, 105, 113–115, 117–118, 159, 172–174, 185–187, 222, 225–226, 231, 243, 269, 283, 326–327
environmental clean-up, 129, 133, 173, 188, 265–268
euro symbolique, 184, 186
injunctive relief, 54, 172, 187, 304, 327
prevention, 70, 184, 188, 352
punitive damages, 86, 160, 186, 197, 293
right of action, 162–174
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration), 53–54, 350
applicable law, 156–162
environmental damage, 158–159
escape clause, 158
evidence, 157, 161–162
freedom of choice, 159
ordre public, 160–161
overriding mandatory provisions, 159–160
residence of the parties, 157–158
safety and conduct rules, 160
Rougier, 106–107, 201, 205, 235, 276
Royal Dutch Shell (RDS), 94, 102, 117, 144, 146, 155, 179–181, 184, 188, 256, 258–262, 282–283
Ruggie, J., 63, 105. See also SRSG
Rwanda, 113
safeguarding proceedings, 249
self-regulation, 47–48, 68, 280. See also corporate social responsibility (CSR)
separate legal personality, 20, 239, 243–248, 249–251, 253, 270, 283, 373
settlement, 103, 116, 131–135, 173–174, 217, 234–236
access to justice, 116, 133–134
advantages, 131–132
confidentiality, 133
liability, 133
Nevsun, 90
Tahoe Resources, 90
tensions, 125, 134–135
shareholder, 69, 150, 240–248, 253, 264, 269, 272, 283
Shell, 84, 94–95, 117, 124–125, 128–129, 145–147, 154, 172–173, 179, 180–181, 184, 190, 256–257, 258–262, 282–283
Shell Petroleum Development Corporation (SPDC), 94, 102, 117, 133, 146, 155, 180–181, 184–185, 187–188, 190, 258–262, 282
Sherpa, 108, 110–113, 123–128, 131–132, 134, 183, 219, 224–225, 272, 281, 358
social licence to operate, 40, 67
social movement, 21–22, 24, 32, 105, 118, 136
definition of, 21–22
insurgent cosmopolitanism, 17, 23
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises (SRSG), 63, 65–68, 70–71, 73–74, 79, 105, 334
standing, 162–174
Alstom, 113–114, 165–166
of NGOs, 164–166, 171–173
right of action, 162–174
strategic litigation, 24, 56, 118, 125–128, 197, 224
Sudan, 113
supply chain, 122, 300, 302, 310–314, 317, 321–322, 353
third pillar, 7, 9–10, 70–78
tort law, 97–100, 102–103, 106, 117–118, 133, 136, 142, 154–155, 180–184, 185–187, 254–264, 265–268, 268–269, 283, 289, 301, 307, 311, 330, 371
Australia, 90–91
Canada, 87–90
corporate group liability, 95–101
England, 95–101
France, 254–255, 257–258, 263, 265–268, 301, 306–307
in civil law countries, 106
Netherlands, 255–257, 258–262, 263–264, 268–269, 282, 311
United States, 86–87
Total, 6, 107, 131–132, 134, 216, 236, 266–268, 273, 281, 304–306
Trafigura
civil litigation, 103–104, 118, 133–134
criminal litigation, 108, 115–116, 205, 207–208, 217–218
France, 108, 205
Netherlands, 115–116, 118, 207–208, 217–218
transnational litigation
against MNEs, 15–16
legal benefits, 129
non-legal benefits, 129–130
Treaty on the Functioning of the EU (TFEU), 60–61, 169
access to justice, 60
competence in criminal matters, 61
Uganda, 304–306
Union Carbide, 86
United Kingdom, 12, 24, 94–95, 105, 136, 171, 182, 193, 208, 234, 298, 300, 336
UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 9–10, 12, 54
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 346
UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs), 7–9, 39, 63–78, 79, 287, 318–319, 333–335, 340–348, 350–353, 370, 375–376
access to remedy, 29, 70–78, 167, 175, 184, 189, 193
corporate responsibility to respect, 66–67
European reception, 8–9, 75–78
extraterritoriality, 65
first pillar, 64–66
human rights due diligence (HRDD), 7, 67–69, 287–288, 290–297, 323
National Action Plans (NAPs), 77–78
non-judicial mechanisms, 72–73
second pillar, 66–69
State duty to protect, 64
third pillar, 7, 9–10, 70–78
UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights, 38, 44, 63
UN Protect, Respect and Remedy Framework, 7–10, 39–40, 45, 63–75, 346, 370
UN treaties
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), 52
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 28, 49, 52
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), 50, 52
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 39, 49–52
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 39, 50
UN treaty bodies
UN Committee on Economic, Cultural, and Social Rights (UNCESCR), 39, 50–51
UN Human Rights Committee (UNCCPR), 39, 52
UN Working Group on Business and Human Rights, 29, 287, 291, 296, 298, 322–323, 348
United States (US), 86
Alien Tort Statute (ATS), 82–85
Daimler AG v Bauman, 87
Doe v Unocal, 83
Filártiga v Peña-Irala, 81
foreign corporations, 84
Jesner v Arab Bank, 84–85
Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co, 84–85
Nestle USA Inc. v Doe, 85
Wiwa v Royal Dutch Petroleum Co, 83–84
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 44, 49
vicarious liability, 254, 257–258, 274, 307
voluntary standards, 110, 253–254, 335, 340, 368, 372
war crimes, 88, 106, 109, 112–113, 116, 203–204, 211–212, 224–225
Lafarge, 112–113, 225, 275–277
Public Prosecutor v Kouwenhoven, 209, 228
Public Prosecutor v Van Anraat, 208–209, 226

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