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table of contents
  1. Series page
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. List of figures
  7. Preface
    1. Notes
  8. Introduction
    1. Playgrounds today
    2. Playing in the past
    3. Playground histories
    4. Childhood and the urban environment
    5. Overview
    6. Notes
  9. 1. Finding space for play: ‘playgrounds for poor children in populous places’
    1. Education and exercise in the mid-nineteenth century
    2. Childhood and urban anxieties in the late nineteenth century
    3. Notes
  10. 2. Competing playground visions: ‘a distinctly civilizing influence that gives much health and happiness’
    1. ‘Properly equipped playgrounds’ in the early twentieth century
    2. Charles Wicksteed, philanthropy and commerce
    3. Excitement and freedom in Wicksteed Park
    4. Notes
  11. 3. Playgrounds for the people: ‘a magnetic force to draw children away from the dangers and excitements of the streets’
    1. Playing fields and playgrounds in interwar Britain
    2. Safety and supervision
    3. Problems in the playground
    4. Designing the perfect play experience
    5. Notes
  12. 4. Orthodoxy and adventure: ‘playgrounds are often as bleak as barrack squares and just as boring’
    1. Orthodoxy consolidated: postwar planners and the playground
    2. Marjory Allen and the challenge of adventure
    3. Beyond the bombsite
    4. Reimagining the playground: artists and architects
    5. Notes
  13. 5. Playground scuffles: ‘it’s ours whatever they say’
    1. The power of play
    2. Campaigning and working for play
    3. Danger and decay
    4. Playground monsters
    5. Notes
  14. Conclusion
  15. References
    1. Primary Sources
    2. Secondary Sources
  16. Index

Index

  • A
  • Abercrombie, Patrick, 63, 131
  • Abernethy, Drummond, 148, 195, 202
  • accidents, 57, 104–5, 204–6
  • Adams, Thomas, 111–12, 131, 134, 145, 160
  • adventure playgrounds, 99, 102, 123–5, 135–55, 176, 190–197, 201, 206–7, 214
  • adverts for play equipment, 57, 73, 97, 113, 147, 151, 195, 200–201
  • Agar, Madeline, 32
  • Allen, Marjory, 87, 110, 124, 135–55, 160–4, 176, 182–3, 191, 197
  • Amherst, Alicia, 48
  • amusement parks, 27, 59–60, 71, 74–5, 140, 228
  • anarchists, 164, 175, 190–191
  • archive and museum collections, 4, 7, 156
  • Ardwick Green Park, Manchester, 126
  • arrests, 90, 92–3, 193
  • B
  • Balfron estate, London, 160
  • Bartholomew Square, London, 37
  • Barton Seagrave, 61–5
  • Basildon, Essex, 158, 178
  • Battersea Park, London, 34, 58, 197
  • Bayliss Jones and Bayliss Ltd, 22, 54–9
  • BBC, 87
  • Belgian Congo, 73
  • Bengtsson, Arvid, 154, 161, 196, 201
  • Benjamin, Joe, 148, 196, 206
  • Birley Street Playground, Blackburn, 197
  • Birmingham, 37, 54, 86, 102, 133, 161–2, 208
  • Birmingham Playing Fields Association, 86
  • Blackpool, 60, 71, 103
  • Blomfield, Robert, 207–8
  • Boy Scouts, 140
  • Brabazon, Reginald, 28–39, 49, 128
  • Bridgeman, John, 162
  • British Safety Council, 206
  • Brown, Michael, 162–4
  • Brunel Estate, Paddington, London, 162–3
  • Burbury Street Recreation Ground, Birmingham, 37
  • Bureau of Educational Experiments, New York, 141
  • bylaws and regulations, 20, 27, 37, 49, 68–9, 72, 88
  • C
  • Campbell, Janet, 51
  • Canada, 73, 111
  • caretakers, 36, 97
  • Carnegie UK Trust, 51, 96
  • Caryl Gardens, Liverpool, 129–30, 133
  • catalogues, 52–60
  • Central Park, Dagenham, 146
  • Central Park, New York, 35, 156
  • Charlestown Playground, Boston, 35
  • Charles Wicksteed & Co., 10, 60–75
  • Charlton Kings Playground, Gloucester, 104
  • children’s gymnasium, 27, 34–5, 37, 73, 112, 214, 231
  • Children’s Happy Evening Association, 26, 35
  • Children’s Play Council, 212
  • Children’s Playspace. See Circular 79/72
  • Chubb, Lawrence, 86
  • Churchill Gardens, London, 157–8
  • Circular 79/72, 186–9, 206, 209
  • citizenship, 36, 61, 73, 86
  • Clias, Peter, 24, 31
  • Clissold Park, London, 106
  • Coleman, Alice, 210
  • Colvin, Brenda, 136, 161
  • commercialisation of leisure, 52, 60–1
  • Coote, B.T., 100, 110
  • Copenhagen, 138–9, 147, 154
  • Cornwall, 86
  • Coronation Planting Committee, 110–12, 137
  • corruption, 25, 211
  • County of London Plan 1943, 131–2
  • court cases, 51, 57, 93, 104–5, 203
  • cowboys and Indians, 140
  • Crawley, Sussex, 133, 143
  • cricket, 62, 87, 91, 151,
  • Curtis, Henry, 35, 48
  • D
  • degeneration, 28, 30, 49, 84, 89, 125
  • Denby, Elizabeth, 129, 131, 136, 182
  • Dickens, Charles, 17–19, 27
  • dog roundworm, 203
  • Dragehjelm, Hans, 139–40
  • Dublin, 6, 37
  • E
  • Earl of Meath. See Brabazon, Reginald
  • Eastchurch, Kent, 87
  • Edinburgh, 37, 104, 207–8, 231
  • education, 5, 17, 98–9, 127, 135, 141, 177
  • Education Acts, 25, 127
  • Emdrup, 138–40
  • exhibitions, 3, 59, 63, 132, 148–51, 154, 180
  • F
  • fairground. See amusement park
  • Fair Play for Children, 205
  • fencing, 33, 52–8, 113, 126, 129–30, 133, 140, 176, 207–9
  • Festival of Britain, 132
  • Finsbury Park, 23, 34, 37
  • First World War, 50, 61, 73–4, 83, 89
  • fleas, 109
  • flying steps. See giant stride
  • Forshaw, J.H., 131
  • Freshwater Place, London, 26, 32, 38
  • Freud, Anna, 99, 142
  • Froebel, Friedrich, 17, 99, 107, 139
  • Fry, Maxwell, 129, 131
  • G
  • games wardens, 142
  • garden cities, 63–5, 67, 111, 128, 230
  • Geddes, Patrick, 141
  • gender, 6, 20–21, 33, 50, 56, 68, 88–9, 134, 142, 196
  • segregation of play spaces by, 34, 58–9, 68–9
  • George, Henry, 63
  • Germany, 31, 154, 156
  • giant stride, 21, 34, 48, 58, 97, 104, 204
  • Gibberd, Frederick, 204
  • Gloucester Green Playground, Regent’s Park, 198
  • Goldfinger, Erno, 160
  • Gotch, John, 62–3
  • Great Yarmouth, 60, 71
  • Guilds of Play, 26
  • H
  • Hall, G. Stanley, 67, 101, 139
  • Harlow, Essex, 133, 150, 178
  • Harrison Park, Edinburgh, 207–8
  • Hart, Ernest, 28–9
  • Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, 206–7
  • Heaton Park, Manchester, 36
  • Hedges, Nick, 180
  • Highway Act 1835, 16
  • Hill, Octavia, 26, 128
  • Hole, Vere, 183–4,
  • Holmes, Isabella, 37–8
  • home range, 182
  • Horniman Park, London, 49
  • hospitals, 178, 204
  • housing manuals, 133–4, 187
  • Howard, Ebenezer, 63–4
  • Hyde Park, London, 53, 103
  • I
  • indecent offences. See sexual assault
  • India, 73, 154
  • injuries. See accidents
  • Institute of Landscape Architects, 111–12, 136, 146, 160
  • Institute of Park Administration, 102, 110, 126, 147–8, 195
  • Institute of Playleadership, 148, 195
  • insurance, 105
  • Isaacs, Susan, 98–100
  • J
  • Jacobs, Jane, 164, 181, 189
  • jazz swing, 72
  • Jephcott, Pearl, 185, 193
  • joy wheel, 2, 71–4
  • junk playgrounds, 138–44, 147
  • Juvenile Organisations Committees, 50
  • K
  • Kellmer Pringle, Mia, 186, 188
  • Kenealy, Annesley, 48, 108
  • Kensington Gardens, London, 48, 49, 53, 109
  • King Alfred’s School, 67, 99
  • Kyrle Society, 26, 28, 32, 37
  • L
  • Lady Allen of Hurtwood. See Allen, Marjory
  • Land Nationalisation Society, 63
  • Lansbury estate, London, 132, 148, 182
  • Lansbury, George, 103–4, 108, 132
  • LCC architect department, 157, 182, 204
  • Ledermann, Alfred, 154
  • Lee, Joseph, 107
  • Ling, Pehr Henrik, 31
  • littering, 73
  • Little Dorrit’s Playground, 33–4
  • Llanbradach, Glamorgan, 100
  • London Adventure Playground Association, 195
  • London Children’s Garden Fund, 110
  • London Fields, Hackney, 106
  • London Playing Fields Committee, 84, 115n4
  • London Safety First Council, 94, 105
  • Lord Chaworth. See Brabazon, Reginald
  • Lorraine estate, London, 193
  • Lynch, Kevin, 182
  • M
  • Mackenzie, Leslie, 51
  • Madge, Charles, 158, 160
  • Maizels, Joan, 183–4
  • Major, Joshua, 22–3
  • Malting House School, 99
  • Manchester and Salford Playing Fields Society, 49, 84–5, 100
  • Masterman, Charles, 49, 51, 73
  • Mayhew, Henry, 18, 24
  • McLeod Street Playground, Edinburgh, 104
  • McMillan, Margaret, 98–9, 135, 141
  • Meath Gardens, London, 37, 58
  • Melland, William, 85, 100–101
  • Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, 27–39, 49, 89, 110
  • Milton Keynes, 178
  • Miners’ Welfare Fund, 100, 105, 131
  • Ministry of Defence, 213
  • Mitchell, Lucy Sprague, 141
  • Mitchell, Mary, 161, 186, 197, 230
  • museums. See archive and museum collections
  • Myatt’s Fields, London, 34, 37
  • N
  • National Children’s Bureau, 186
  • National Conference on the Leisure of the People 1919, 51
  • National Playing Fields Association, 83–114
  • native Americans, 140
  • Neill, A.S., 99, 177
  • New Zealand, 73
  • Newington Recreation Ground, London, 33, 97
  • Newtongrange Park, Midlothian, 100
  • Nicholson, Simon, 191–2
  • Norfolk Square Playground, London, 34
  • North Borneo, 73
  • Nottingham, 49, 150, 185, 202
  • Notting Hill, London, 193–4
  • O
  • ocean wave, 2, 71, 97, 105, 205
  • Olmsted, Frederick Law, 35
  • open air schools, 8, 47, 49, 127
  • Opie, Iona and Peter, 189–90
  • P
  • Paddington Recreation Ground, London, 126
  • paid for playgrounds. See amusement park
  • Paneth, Marie, 142
  • Park Hill estate, Sheffield, 160
  • Parker Morris inquiry, 152, 178
  • Paton Watson, J., 131
  • Peel Park, Salford, 21, 22
  • Pepler, George, 128, 131–3, 144
  • petitions, 50, 192–3
  • Pettigrew, W.W., 83, 97, 109
  • Philips Park, Manchester, 21, 22, 32
  • Physical Training and Recreation Act 1937, 90
  • Playground and Recreation Society, 18–19
  • playground epistemology, 4
  • playground standards, 128, 131, 152, 178, 186–8, 197, 210
  • play leadership, 100–114, 138, 141–2, 148, 194–7, 206, 212–14
  • play parks scheme, London, 197–8
  • play streets, 94–5
  • play work. See play leadership
  • Plymouth, 131
  • police, 50, 57, 92–5, 106, 149,
  • Powell and Moya, 157–8
  • Powis Square, London, 194
  • Primrose Hill gymnasium, London, 23–5, 50
  • protest, 192–3
  • Prussia Street Recreation Group, Manchester, 37
  • public parks, 15, 19–25, 30, 36, 60, 68, 84, 96, 104, 112, 185, 207–8
  • Q
  • Quarry Hill, Leeds, 129, 133, 209
  • Queen’s Park, Manchester, 21
  • R
  • Rawtenstall Recreation Ground, Lancashire, 105
  • Reaney, Mabel Jane, 92, 100–101, 141, 230
  • Recreation Grounds Act 1859, 23
  • Regent’s Park, London, 23, 54, 63, 198
  • regulations. See bylaws and regulations
  • Richardson, Benjamin Ward, 27
  • road safety, 90–5, 133, 158
  • Roth, Mathias, 31
  • roundabout, 27, 59, 71, 200, 205, 212
  • Rowntree, Joseph, 61
  • Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 105, 150, 212
  • rubber safety surfaces, 203–4, 210–11
  • rural playgrounds, 86–8, 112, 141
  • S
  • sandpit, 37, 48, 50, 71, 88, 97–9, 106–9, 126, 144–5, 183–4
  • Save the Children Fund, 125, 142–3
  • schools. See education
  • Second World War, 93, 114, 125, 176
  • seesaw, 17, 48, 53, 57, 60, 65, 97, 105–7, 156, 186
  • Select Committee on Public Walks 1833, 19
  • Seligman, Hubert, 53, 60–1
  • Sexby, J.J., 107
  • sexual assault, 58, 106, 202–3
  • Shore, Peter, 206
  • slide, 48, 65, 113, 129, 156, 161–3, 186, 197
  • defective, 205
  • injuries, 105, 204
  • safety features, 57, 105
  • soft play centres, 211
  • Sørensen, Carl Theodore, 139–41
  • South Africa, 30, 73–4, 231
  • Spa Fields, London, 33, 37–8, 58, 131
  • Spencer, Heath and George Ltd, 53–5, 105, 110, 150
  • spine injuries, 57
  • St Chads Park, Dagenham, 146
  • St Helena, 73
  • St James’s Park, London, 48, 53, 109
  • St Paul’s Churchyard and Playground, London, 37
  • standardisation, 73, 88, 114, 162
  • Stevenage, Hertfordshire, 158, 161, 185, 202
  • street play, 16, 19, 90–5, 124
  • Street Playgrounds Act 1938, 95
  • suburban gardens, 129
  • Sudell, Richard, 136, 146, 150, 161
  • Summerhill, 99, 177
  • Sweden, 31, 100, 145, 154, 200
  • swing, 22, 26–7, 33, 48, 58–9, 65–7, 97, 130, 147, 156, 212
  • broken, 180, 207
  • film, 149
  • guidance, 186
  • injuries, 204–5
  • new seat design, 200
  • pay to use, 27
  • rope, 161
  • wartime removal, 126
  • T
  • television, 184
  • Thatcher, Margaret, 183, 209
  • theory of loose parts, 191–2
  • Thomson, Mathew, 9, 176, 190–191, 202
  • total environment, 163–4
  • Tottenham, London, 93
  • toxocara canis, 203
  • traffic playground, 93, 150
  • U
  • United Nations, 3, 152, 154
  • United States of America (USA), 6, 32–5, 48, 73, 94, 101, 140–141, 181, 196, 203
  • Unwin, Raymond, 141
  • V
  • van Eyck, Aldo, 160
  • vaulting horse, 21, 31, 58
  • Victoria Park, London, 20, 27, 29, 34, 38, 58, 59, 97, 107–8
  • Victoria Park, Portsmouth, 23
  • village green, 38, 86–7
  • Voelker, Karl, 23, 31
  • voluntary action, 53, 60–65, 86, 152, 207
  • W
  • Ward, Colin, 164, 190–191
  • Ward, Mary, 26, 35
  • wartime evacuation, 114, 125–6
  • water chute, 71
  • welfare, 127, 136, 156, 164, 213
  • Wicksteed, Charles, 60–75, 124, 228
  • Wicksteed, Joseph Hartley, 64, 67, 99
  • Wicksteed, Philip Henry, 67, 98
  • Wicksteed Village Trust, 62–5, 70
  • Wilderspin, Samuel, 17
  • Wilkinson, Fanny, 31–2, 230
  • Williams-Ellis, Clough, 156
  • Willis, Margaret, 182–3, 230
  • Wodehouse, P.G., 59
  • women’s football, 69, 88
  • Wood, Walter, 35–6, 68

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