A.B., S.H. v Jamaica, 15
abnormal/abnormality/normal, 22, 28, 151, 277, 312, 338, 362
access to justice/access to a lawyer, 15–16, 277–8, 285–8, 384
activism/advocacy/organizing/visibility, 3, 6, 13, 17, 25–9, 33, 66, 69, 85, 87, 89, 105, 113, 114, 115, 116–17, 122, 144–5, 172, 190, 226–7, 243, 247, 250–253, 257, 260, 262–4, 269, 274–6, 282–3, 308–9, 319, 323–4, 328–32, 335, 338, 339, 347–8, 349, 353, 350–66, 368, 371, 381, 390, 393, 397
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights/African Charter, 76, 183, 186–190, 284, 290
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), 76, 179, 189, 284 (advancement of SOGI issues by), 77, 89, 189–91, 200–1, 228
African Solidarity Alliance, 332
African Union Commission (AUC), 187, 189
African Union Strategic Plan, 187
African Women’s Protocol, 183, 188
aggravated homosexuality, 65, 66, 274, 284, 289
aid/aid conditionality, 75, 77, 88–9, 192, 297, 299,
Alaka, Caleb, 285
Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF), 25, 261
Alternative Law Forum (ALF), 392
Ambedkar, Dr. B. R, 18, 52, 55, 397
anal exam/anal medical exam, 44–7, 279, 280
Anglican (see Church of England)
anti-gay groups, 83, 84, 85, 272, 341
Anti-Homosexuality Act (AHA) Uganda, 65, 80, 83–4, 86, 269–71, 277–83, 314,
organising against/legal challenge to, 21, 27–8, 90, 194, 283–92, 296–7, 298–300, 301, 325, 338, 372, 389–91,
nullification, 63, 69, 194, 269, 271–2, 290, 293–6, 300–2
Anti-Homosexuality Bill (AHB), Uganda, 79–80, 83–4, 86, 90, 269–70, 273–4,
organising against, 27–8, 274–6, 324–5, 339–41
Anti-promotion laws/anti-propaganda laws/morality laws (see also AHA and AHB), 21, 22, 28, 65–6, 84–5
Anti-Pornography Act, Uganda, 68, 86
ARC International, 10, 32, 181, 201, 227, 232, 233–4, 239, 375, 383, 385–6
arrests (see police/law enforcement/arrest(s)/arbitrary arrest)
art (and activism) (see also participatory documentary), 347, 349–50, 355, 366–7, 373
asylum/asylum seeker (see also refugee and refugee health/mental health), 24–25, 99, 101–2, 103, 106–8, 112–13, 116, 120–1, 170
Bahati, David, 80, 83, 86, 269, 272, 273, 314, 324–5, 326
Belize Criminal Code (Section 53) (see also Caleb Orozco v. the Attorney General of Belize), 14, 26, 248
organising against, 27, 249–59, 262–5
Belize Action, 25, 250, 257–62
Belizeans for the Constitutional Challenge, 250, 263
Benegal, Shyam, 54
Bill C-31 (see Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act)
bisexual/bisexuality (see also LGBT, LGBTI), 120, 215, 310, 332, 349–50, 360
biphobia, 360
blackmail/extortion, 29, 165, 308, 311, 393
botho/ubuntu, 22, 196, 382, 406
border security/policing borders/
border regimes, 7, 11, 23, 24–5, 100, 101–7, 110, 112, 114–16, 118
Botswana Penal Code (Sections 162–4), 20, 63, 72, 88, 135–6, 159–61,
organising against, 196–7
Botswana Vision (2016), 196
breast surgery/top surgery (see also
surgery/hormone treatment), 357, 380
buggery/sodomy (laws against), 11–12, 15, 38, 64, 66, 135–6, 157, 160, 161, 163, 164, 171, 178, 191, 249, 252, 271, 307, 308, 314, 384
Caleb Orozco v. the Attorney General of Belize, 14, 15, 247, 248–9, 257, 262, 265
capitalism/capitalist/capitalist globalisation, 7, 11, 22–3, 25, 29, 31–2, 64, 106, 100, 109–16, 132–4, 137, 144–5, 351, 365, 371, 375, 372–3
Caribbean Coalition of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, transgender, transsexual and intersex organisations (LGBTTTI Coalition), 17, 254, 255
Caribbean Regional Trans in Action (CRTA), 251, 253
Caribbean Vulnerable Communities Coalition (CVC), 251
Caribbean Sex-Workers Coalition, 172
Caricom/Caribbean Community, 13, 159, 248, 262, 263, 266
carnal intercourse/knowledge against the order of nature (laws against), see criminalisation (colonial laws) and (post-independence laws) and Indian Penal Code (Section 377)
Catholic Church (Roman), 167, 180, 259–60, 324–5
Centre for Family and Human Rights (C-FAM), 261–2
Challenge for Change/Société nouvelle, 373–4
Christian Fellowship Lawyers, 262
Christian fundamentalists/fundamentalism/evangelical (opposition to SOGI rights), 12–13, 25–7, 28, 78–80, 86–7, 115, 167, 179, 195, 249, 253, 255–63, 264, 273, 286, 293, 312–15, 324–5, 335, 341–2, 362, 372, 386
Church of England (Anglican), 25, 79, 249, 260, 263, 314
cisgender, 145, 216, 348, 355, 362, 376, 397
cissexism/cissexist/cis-normative, 134, 359, 369
citizenship, sexual, 54, 58, 116–17, 132–3, 137, 145, 149, 154, 309, 318
Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law (CSCHRCL), 27, 88, 272–3, 274–6, 278, 281, 282–301, 340, 389, 390
civil society/civil society organizations (see also Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law), 6, 8, 11, 25, 26, 27, 81, 89–90, 98, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 198, 201, 225–9, 232, 249, 261, 308, 312, 319, 341, 385
class/class struggle/classism, 28, 34, 46, 59, 105, 106, 109–13, 114, 115, 116–17, 121, 132–3, 134, 144, 145, 147, 149, 153, 163, 166, 168–9, 170, 205–6, 215–16, 217, 224, 240, 347, 353, 357–8, 376
Coalition of African Lesbians (CAL), 89, 179, 189–91, 201, 228, 308–9, 333
colonial/colonialism/colonisation (see also criminalisation – colonial law), 2–3, 6, 7, 11, 12, 22, 29, 30, 64, 76, 111, 114, 117, 123, 132, 136, 148, 157, 158–9, 355, 386
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), 334
consent/consensual/consenting adults, 17, 32, 47, 49, 66–7, 135–6, 160, 195, 230, 247, 266, 274, 280, 309, 315, 318, 319
Consortium on Monitoring Violations Based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation (Consortium), Uganda, 270, 277–8, 279–80, 282, 325
[The] Constitution (Amendment) Act (Uganda 2005), 64
constitutional equality/prohibition of discrimination (see also constitutional morality), 14, 16, 17, 19–20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 43, 49, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60–1, 63, 64–5, 81, 82, 135, 157, 161, 162, 163, 178, 182, 186, 188, 193, 194, 195, 197, 201, 247, 248, 249, 264, 269, 287, 284, 288, 291, 309, 316, 317, 318, 328
constitutional right to privacy, 14, 15, 19, 26, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 195, 223, 228, 279, 288, 289, 290, 310, 329, 336, 398
constitutional marches (Belize), 27, 254, 260–2
constitutional morality/public morality, 18, 52–3, 55,192, 195, 317, 397
constitutional prohibition of same-sex/equal marriage, 20, 63, 64
constitutional protection on the grounds of SOGIE, 82
constitutionalism in Africa, 76, 80–2
Criminal Tribes Act, India, 59
criminalisation (colonial laws), 5, 9, 11–14, 17, 18, 19, 23, 27, 43–9, 52, 59, 63, 67–8, 72–5, 88, 111, 118, 119, 135–136, 160, 161, 173, 178–9, 186, 191, 194, 197, 223–4, 241, 247, 271, 273, 291, 307–8, 310–11, 318, 327, 382, 394–5
criminalisation (post-independence laws), 6, 19, 26, 29–30, 63–9, 75–84, 136, 196, 270, 272, 291, 310–11, 318
cross-dressing (laws against) (see also Guyana, Section 153 Summary Jurisdiction Offences Act), 5, 14, 16, 44, 157, 159–60, 161–4, 171, 173, 384
culture/cultural politics, 23–4, 26, 50, 79, 100, 106, 112, 123, 151–2, 153, 160, 163, 167–70, 177, 178–9, 180–1, 186–7, 188, 190, 195, 198, 200, 202, 215, 224, 233, 273, 290, 328, 366, 382, 386, 406
culture wars, 76, 84–5, 184, 259–62, 324
curative petition (against Section 377, India), 19, 60–1
death penalty, 19, 223, 230, 241–2, 270, 274, 314, 325, 334
Decena, Carlos, 146
decriminalisation, 7, 9, 14, 21, 22, 23, 52, 69, 76, 77, 88, 149, 196–7, 199, 250, 252, 259, 262–4, 291, 309, 316–19
Delhi High Court (Section 377, 2009), 12, 13, 18, 19, 49, 54, 57, 397–8
detention/imprisonment (see also refugee determination, Canada), 24–5, 102, 103, 104, 118–19, 122, 223, 279–81, 356
deviant/deviancy, 71–2, 159–60
dignity (see constitutional equality)
disability/(dis)ability, 207, 274, 289
donor dependency/donor funding (impact on organising), 8, 29, 351, 353–4, 363–4
East African Court of Justice (EACJ), 65, 194, 195, 271, 272, 284, 286, 294–6, 300–1
education (access to), 16, 166, 170, 223, 307–8, 310, 337–8, 352–3, 356, 357, 388
employment discrimination, 196, 199, 392
Eric Gitari v Non-Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board & four Others, 20, 193, 317, 353
Eric Gitari v. attorney general and another, 319
evangelical (see Christian fundamentalists/fundamentalism/evangelical)
Evangelical Association of Belize, 249, 253
Evangelical Fellowship of Botswana, 195
eviction (of LGBTI persons), 104, 282, 341
family/familial/family unit, 18, 23–4, 29, 44, 49, 57, 71, 79, 114–16, 134, 136–7, 139–44, 146, 151, 160, 163, 167, 167, 170, 183, 189, 208, 212, 229, 255, 307, 311, 313, 315–16, 325, 327–8, 331, 334, 337, 338, 341, 350–1, 352, 353, 358, 359, 361, 376, 382, 384, 388, 395
family class (immigration), 103, 110–13, 116, 114, 119
family values/normal family unit/traditional family/‘pro-family’, 26, 28, 78, 79, 84–5, 182, 183, 188, 189, 192, 241, 261–2, 273, 312, 314–15
Family Life Network (FLN), 65, 79–80, 293, 324–5
Family Watch International (The Family), 8, 26, 28, 80, 312, 324
Family Research Council (Uganda), 324, 341
feminism/feminists, 98, 108, 114, 115, 123, 139, 180, 226, 227, 330, 356, 374, 376, 388, 393
Freedom and Roam Uganda (FARUG), 271, 283–4, 330, 389, 390
freedom of association/expression, 20, 22, 193–4, 197, 238, 275, 317, 385–6
Freire, Paulo, 371
fundamentalists/fundamentalism opposition to SOGI rights (see Christian fundamentalists/fundamentalism and Islamic opposition)
gay/gay men/homosexual, (also see refugee determination) 49, 52, 54, 55, 57, 83, 90, 131, 139–42, 143–5, 146–7, 151–3, 159–60, 165–70, 177, 178, 248, 256, 257, 260, 285, 307, 310, 311, 312, 315, 323, 339, 350, 352, 384, 388, 393, 396
‘gay agenda’, 12, 78, 85, 258, 324
gay wedding (see same-sex marriage/equal marriage)
Gay and Lesbian Coalition of Kenya (GALCK), 308, 333, 348, 377
Gays and Lesbians of Zimbabwe (GALZ), 178, 185
gay international (see also international/transnational/global SOGI organizing efforts), 23, 148
gender identity/gender expression, 6, 44–5, 59, 77, 90–1, 99, 159–60, 161, 162, 165, 166, 172, 177, 178, 181, 185, 190–1, 193, 200, 205, 207, 208, 210, 216–17, 224, 229–30, 231, 232, 235, 240–1, 270–1, 307, 325, 347, 355, 360–3, 368
gender fluidity/gender queer/gender non conforming (see also Intersex, Transgender and gender non-conforming), 8, 13, 347
Gender Policy (Belize), 27, 254, 256–9, 260, 261–3
genital cutting (female), 187
Global Action for Trans* Equality (GATE), 26, 227
global/globalisation, 7, 22, 23, 31, 64, 111, 115, 132–135, 137, 351, 375
Global North, 1, 5, 12, 25, 75, 85, 100, 114, 131, 138, 143, 148, 154, 275
Global South, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22–3, 24–5, 27, 30–1, 32, 34, 35, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 200, 201, 226, 242, 371, 372
gross indecency (criminalisation of), 15, 73–4, 135, 160–1
Gopalan, Anjali (see also Naz Foundation (India) Trust), 392–3
Guyana, Criminal Law (Offences) Act (Sections 352 to 354), 160, 164–70, 171
Guyana, Summary Jurisdiction Offences Act (Section 153)/cross dressing law, 14, 16, 161, 162–3, 164–70, 250
Guyana Trans United, 157
hate crimes/speech, 80, 86, 310, 313, 314
health (adverse effects due to discrimination on SOGIE grounds) (see also mental health/mental illness and refugee health/mental health), 68, 91, 162, 163, 166, 170, 171, 186, 237, 238, 248, 257, 258, 264, 281, 287, 288, 289, 295, 299, 307, 309, 310, 311, 313, 315–16, 330, 331, 333, 334, 339, 341, 348, 350, 353, 357, 359, 362, 384, 388, 392, 393
Heartland Alliance, 190, 251, 253
heteronormative/heteronormativity, 112, 113, 131, 134, 136, 140, 145, 147, 151, 160, 173, 209, 216
heterosexism/heterosexist, 47, 49, 71, 100, 106, 112, 160, 173
heterosexual/heterosexuality/heterosexual norms, 7, 23, 29, 71, 73, 82, 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 120, 133, 136, 160, 166, 167, 172, 215, 229, 308, 310, 314, 327, 351
hijra, 18, 44, 57, 59, 60, 394, 397
Hindu (opposition to SOGIE rights), 50, 167, 395
HIV testing (forced), 280, 289
HIV/AIDS criminalisation (of transmission), 69
HIV/AIDS (adverse effects of criminalization/discrimination on prevention and healthcare/police raids on HIV/AIDS service providers), 49, 50, 67, 68, 69, 76, 82–3, 90, 170, 248, 280, 281, 288, 299, 313, 315–16, 323, 330, 332, 333, 334, 341, 348, 350, 353
HIV/AIDS (people living with/PLWA), 108, 247, 248, 274, 289, 296
HIV Prevention and Control Act, Uganda, 68, 69
homonationalism/homonationalist, 23, 100, 105, 113, 116–17, 123, 142, 144, 148, 149, 153, 154, 216, 224
homotransnationalism, 148
homophobia/homophobic/state sponsored homophobia, 1, 23, 27, 51, 57, 64, 85, 87, 89, 91, 100, 102, 106, 131, 132, 134, 135–9, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 160, 167, 170, 172, 179, 199, 201, 249, 256, 262, 290, 308, 309, 312, 313, 314, 317, 323, 324, 328, 330, 341, 349, 354, 382, 386
housing (access to) (see also refugee settlement/services, Canada, 170, 171, 238, 278, 331, 361
housing/poverty/slum conditions (and SOGI issues), 7, 28–9, 34, 133, 134, 171, 166, 329, 351, 352, 354, 357, 369, 392, 396, 397
Human Dignity Trust, 249
human rights (see constitutional equality/prohibition of discrimination)
Human Rights Awareness and Promotion Forum (Uganda), 20, 270, 336
Human Rights Awareness & Promotion Forum (HRAPF) versus The Attorney General of Uganda (East African Court of Justice), 194, 272, 284, 268, 294–6, 301
human rights defenders, 9, 22, 25, 26, 30, 35, 68, 180, 190, 199, 201, 224, 233, 234, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 254, 255, 287, 299, 318, 319, 336, 340, 371, 372, 386, 406
Ice Breakers Uganda (IBU), 331, 339
Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada (see refugee determination, Canada)
imperialism/neo-imperialism, 29, 30, 76, 104, 111
imprisonment (see detention/imprisonment)
indecent act/indecency/gross indecency (criminalisation of), 67, 135
Indian Penal Code (Section 377), 11, 43–8, 73, 394, 395
organising against, 18, 19, 49–61, 375, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398
indigenous/pre-colonial sexual, erotic and gender identities/expression, 70–2, 177, 326–8, 380, 386, 394–395
Inter Religious Council of Uganda, 80, 293, 299
Interim Federal Health Program (IFHP), Canada, 212
International Commission of Jurists (ICJ), 19, 225, 232, 249
International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), 229
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA), 6, 186, 226, 228
International Labour Organization, 227
intersectional/intersectionality, 8, 27, 28–9, 35, 90–1, 105, 206, 209, 215–16, 224, 234–5, 238, 239, 309, 319, 352–3, 354–5, 392, 395, 397
intersex, 8, 224, 227, 232, 234, 242, 335, 337, 339–40, 347, 348, 349, 353, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 368, 388
intersex, transgender and gender non-conforming (ITGNC) (see also gender fluidity/gender queer/gender non conforming), 13, 14, 28, 308, 309, 310, 328, 347, 350, 352, 355, 356, 357, 359–63, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 394
in vitro fertilization/IVF, 380
irregular arrivals (see also borders and asylum), 118–20
Islamic (opposition to SOGIE rights), 167, 179, 223, 313, 325
Jacqueline Kasha Nabagesera, Frank Mugisha, Julian Pepe Onziema and Geoffrey
Ogwaro v. attorney general and Hon. Rev. Fr Simon Lokodo, Uganda, 20, 69, 194, 285, 336
Jamaican Coalition for a Healthy Society (JCHS), 262
Jamaica Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (J-FLAG), 15, 383
Javed Jaghai v Attorney General of Jamaica, 15, 16, 385
Jinsiangu (Kenya), 8, 28, 309, 347, 355, 357–66, 367, 368, 369
Jjuuko, Adrian, 28, 285, 272, 292, 336
Jjuuko Adrian v. attorney general (re: Equal Opportunities Commission Act), 284
Jones, Jason, 17–18
Joseph, Tennyson, 132
Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (retd.) and ANR v. Union of India and ORS, 19, 398
Justice for All roadmap, 262, 263
Kabaka Mwanga (Ugandan martyrs), 326–7
Kadaga, Rebecca, 276
Kanane, Utjiwa, 88
Kapya, Kaoma John, 25–6, 78, 79, 80, 324
Kasha Jacqueline, David Kato Kisuule and Pepe Julian Onziema v. The Rolling Stone Newspaper, 70, 81, 193, 194, 285, 383, 336
Kato, David (see also Kasha Jacqueline, David Kato Kisuule and Pepe Julian Onziema v. The Rolling Stone Newspaper), 69, 335, 336, 383
Khairati (see Queen Empress v Khairati)
Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC), 318
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), 313
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR), 319, 348
Kenyan Penal Code (Section 162, 163 and 165) (see also Eric Gitari v. attorney general and another), 307–8, 319
kuchu, 272, 323, 324, 325, 326, 330, 337, 338, 339, 342
Kuchu Times, 339
Latin America, 7, 17, 19, 179, 180, 182, 240, 251, 256, 386
Latin American and Caribbean Coalition of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, transgender, transsexual and intersex organizations (LGBTTTI Coalition), 17, 254, 255
Lawyers Christian Fellowship, 255
Lawyers Collective, India, 49, 50, 376, 392, 393, 394
legal advocacy/litigation (to advance SOGI rights/repeal of laws that criminalise same sex relations), 5, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, 20, 21, 27–28, 49–61, 69, 70, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 90, 157, 161, 193, 194, 196–7, 228, 249–59, 262–5, 283–92, 296–7, 298–300, 301, 317, 318, 319, 324, 325, 336, 338, 341, 353, 368, 372, 385, 385, 389–91, 398
legal protection from discrimination/non-discrimination (on the grounds of SOGI), 81, 178, 186, 196
lesbian(s)/lesbianism/queer women (see also women who have sex with women (WSW), 26, 52, 54, 55, 63, 89, 142, 145, 147, 151, 152, 169–170, 178, 179, 189, 195, 210, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234, 242, 257, 269, 275, 309, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 317, 328, 329, 330–1, 332, 333, 334, 338, 347, 348, 349, 350–351, 352, 354, 360, 376, 382, 388
Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals of Botswana (LeGaBiBo), 20, 22, 196, 197, 198, 377
Lively, Scott (see Sexual Minorities Uganda v. Scott Lively)
Lokodo, Hon. Rev. Fr Simon, 273, 285, 336
love, 18, 48, 52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 64, 147, 151, 196, 200, 257, 327, 375, 382, 388, 390
LVCT Health, Kenya, 348
Malawi, 20, 63, 68, 72, 81, 88, 238
Mauritius, 72, 181, 185, 186, 339
Mbugua, Audrey (see also Republic v Kenya National Examinations Council & Another Ex-Parte Audrey Mbugua Ithibu, Kenya), 193, 318, 349, 356, 368
McEwan, Clarke, Fraser, Persaud and SASOD v. Attorney General of Guyana, 16, 157, 161, 249
media (see also social media) reporting on SOGI issues, 25, 27, 83, 85, 113, 137–9, 160, 192, 253, 257, 260, 261, 263, 264, 269, 275, 277, 280, 282, 285, 292, 297, 298, 300, 307–9, 313, 314, 325, 329, 331, 334, 336, 339, 350, 383, 389, 390, 394
use of for advocacy, 226, 258, 262, 292, 297, 328–30, 339, 368, 374, 382, 388
medical/medical evidence (see anal exam)
men who have sex with men (MSM), 83, 91, 247, 251, 259, 316, 330, 332, 333, 350, 392, 394
mental health/mental illness (see also refugee health/mental health) impact of discrimination on the basis of SOGIE, 170, 207, 208, 218, 316, 359, 362, 369
treatment of homosexuality or transgenderism as illness, 350, 160
Minority Women in Action (MWA) Kenya, 316, 348–52
mobs/mob justice/mob violence, 238, 270, 278, 282, 311, 313, 384, 389, 390
moral panic, 324
moral regulation (see also anti-promotion, anti-propaganda laws), 21, 28, 52, 53, 115, 135, 137, 143, 173, 188, 195, 307, 310, 314, 317
moral/immoral, 47, 48, 53, 58, 85, 89, 134, 190, 195, 262, 265, 323, 350
Most At Risk Populations (MARP), 333
Mozambique, 13, 21, 67, 69, 73, 81, 186, 188, 198, 199, 239
MSM (see Men who have Sex with Men)
Muasya, Richard, 356
Mugisha, Dr. Frank, 201, 270, 287, 288, 301, 329, 330, 335, 340, 341, 391
Mughal empire, 59
Mukasa, Victor, 329, 332, 333, 348
multi-tiered/multifaceted/multipronged/incremental approach (to advocacy) (see also intersectional), 20, 27, 197, 198, 283, 291, 269–302, 309
Muntarbhorn, Vitit, 26, 182, 230
Muralidhar, Justice, 52
Museveni, Yoweri, 22, 68, 71, 76, 77, 80, 84, 192, 269, 270, 275–7, 283, 296–8, 323, 325, 341, 390
Muslim(s), 55, 59, 79, 100, 106, 113
Mutesi, Fridah, 28, 272, 285, 292
Nabagesera, Kasha Jacqueline, 287, 288, 301, 330, 331, 333, 336, 340
National AIDS Commission (NAC) Belize, 27, 249
National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) India, 50
National Anti-Gay Task Force Uganda, 324
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality and another v. minister of justice and others, 82
National Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (NGLHRC) Kenya, 20, 193, 311, 353
National Legal Services Authority v Union of India, 18, 44, 58–61
nationalism, 117, 131, 132, 179, 180
Naz Foundation (India) Trust, 49, 50, 54, 391, 392, 393
Naz Foundation International (NFI), 391, 394
Naz Foundation v NCT Delhi, 18, 43, 49–53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 393
neo-colonial/neo-colonialism, 11, 12, 13, 22, 26, 29, 76, 85, 111, 371, 390
neoliberal/neoliberalism, 7, 11, 12, 13, 22–5, 29, 31, 35, 98, 101–3, 106, 107, 110, 111, 114–16, 118, 120, 121, 131–4, 137, 139, 149, 154, 371, 372
neoliberal queer, 25, 101, 106, 115–17
Nigeria, 20, 22, 63, 66, 70, 72, 81, 86, 89, 177, 223, 241, 341, 351
ngochani, 177
None on Record, 355
normalising, normalised/
normalisation, 24–5, 29, 100, 102, 104, 109, 112, 116, 122, 132, 133, 140, 170
No One Is Illegal (NOII), 103, 104, 105, 106, 121, 122
non-discrimination in employment (on the basis of sexual orientation), 196, 199
Non-Governmental Organizations Act/NGO Act, Uganda, 22, 68, 86, 271, 272, 302
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) (denial of registration of NGOs and organisations /legal challenges to denial) (see also Eric Gitari v Non-Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board & four Others; Republic v Kenya National Examinations Council & Another Ex-Parte Audrey Mbugua Ithibu and Thuto Rammoge and others v. attorney general of Botswana), 20, 22, 66, 68, 69, 89–90, 178, 193, 197–8, 271–2, 317, 354, 363
Nowshirwan v Emperor India, 43, 46, 47, 53
Obama, Barack, 78, 192, 237, 277, 297, 324
Odoi-Owyelowo, Hon. Fox, 287, 288, 292, 293, 294
Offences Against the Person Act Jamaica/ offences against the person (legal codes), 14, 135, 136
Ogenga-Latigo, Hon. Morris, 287, 288, 292
Oloka-Onyango, Dr. Joe, 68, 275, 276, 286, 287, 300
Onoria, Dr. Henry, 285
Onyango, Francis, 285
Onziema, Pepe Julian, 287, 288, 301, 334, 336, 340
Opiyo, Nicholas, 275, 276, 277, 285, 286, 292
oppression (see discrimination/persecution)
Organization of American States (OAS), 17, 27, 228, 249, 251, 253–6, 265
Organization Intersex International (OII), 227
Orozco, Caleb, 7, 14, 25, 27, 221, 247, 262, 265
OutRight Action International (formerly, International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), 186, 228
paedophilia, 312
Pan-Africanism, 76
participatory research/participatory action research, 1, 3, 32, 373, 377
participatory documentary (Envisioning), 3, 5, 32, 371–98
patriarchal/patriarchy/heteropatriarchal/homopatriarchal, 111, 115, 136, 146, 147, 152, 153, 188, 310, 355, 376
persecution (see discrimination/inequality/persecution)
police/law enforcement arrest(s)/arbitrary arrest by, 19, 28, 44–8, 49, 57, 59, 63, 68, 88, 90, 98, 134, 138, 153, 159–60, 162, 165, 229, 256, 270, 271, 272, 278–82, 299, 311, 314, 315–16, 325, 327, 336, 339, 356, 372, 389–90, 392, 394, 398
prosecution/charges, 29, 46, 47, 88, 160–1, 270, 271, 274, 279, 280, 282, 394
raids by (against LGBTI people or organisations) (see also HIV/AIDS (adverse effects of criminalization/discrimination on prevention and healthcare/police raids on HIV/AIDS service providers), 68, 271, 281, 301, 313, 329, 334, 336, 339, 348, 393–394
violence and degrading treatment by (see also rape (custodial – by police, prison authorities, guards), 16, 44–5, 57, 98, 102, 104, 138, 152, 161, 163, 165, 166, 169, 272, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 311, 334, 384, 388, 392, 393, 395
post-colonial/post-independence (re: SOGI issues), 10, 19, 23, 55–6, 63–9, 74–92, 132– 7, 142, 143, 157, 179
pornography/pornographic/porn, 68, 86, 278, 324, 394
pre-colonial sexual and gender expression (see indigenous/pre-colonial sexual, erotic and gender identities/expression)
Pride, 33, 56, 221, 262, 301, 339, 340, 382, 383, 386–7
privacy (see right to privacy)
Professor J. Oloka-Onyango, Hon. Fox Odoi-Owyelowo, Professor Morris Ogenga-Latigo, Andrew M. Mwenda, Dr Paul Semugoma, Jacqueline Kasha Nabagesera, Julian Pepe Onziema, Frank Mugisha, HRAPF and CEHURD v. attorney general, 83, 90, 269, 276, 283–94, 300, 340
Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act, 103, 106, 113, 118–21
protest (see activism)
Public Order Management Act, Uganda, 68, 276, 373
Queen Empress v Khairati, India, 44
queer/queer organising/queer studies, 23, 49, 51, 97, 99, 116, 131, 137, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 307, 310, 350, 354, 360, 375, 388, 391, 392
Quincy McEwan, Seon Clarke, Joseph Fraser, Seyon Persaud and the Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD) vs. Attorney General of Guyana, 161–2, 249
racism/racist/racialisation/anti-racist, 29, 34, 35, 91, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 121–3, 136, 143, 146, 148, 151, 153, 158, 159, 163, 166, 168, 169, 170, 172, 177, 188, 205, 206, 208, 209, 215, 216–18, 224, 228, 230, 240, 261, 326, 387, 394
Rainbow Identity Association (Botswana), 197, 388, 404
Rainbow Railroad, 106
rape/sexual assault, 136, 165, 187, 190, 191, 223, 238, 256, 311, 351, 388
rape (custodial – by police, prison authorities, guards), 29, 57, 134, 165, 178, 280
Refugee Appeal Division, Canada, 119
refugee (barriers to claiming asylum), 24, 101–3, 118, 119, 120
refugee camps, 11, 101–103, 108, 271, 281
refugee (conditions facing LGBTIQ), 10, 11, 208, 210, 213, 235, 339
refugee determination, Canada, 24, 97, 98, 99, 100, 105, 106, 110, 111–12, 113, 115, 119, 120, 154, 205, 207, 208, 210–12, 215, 218
Basis of Claim/personal narrative, 107, 108, 211, 218
Designated Country of Origin, 119–21, 122, 211, 216
Designated Foreign National/irregular arrival, 118–20, 122
detention/deportation, 24–5, 102–5, 110, 116, 118–19, 120–2, 212
family class system, 103, 112–14
policy/laws/recommendations, 102, 103, 118, 121–3, 214, 216
proving sexual orientation/gender identity, 98, 99, 120, 122, 210, 211, 217
Western and essentialist concepts of sexual orientation/gender identity, 99, 109, 111, 112, 120, 209, 215
refugee health/mental health, Canada 102, 104, 108, 106, 116, 121, 122, 205–19
refugee settlement/services, Canada, 10, 34, 116, 206, 212, 215, 218
refugee sponsorship, Canada, 98, 99, 108, 110, 113, 116
religious right/religious extremism/religious-based intolerance against LGBTIQ (see Christian fundamentalists/fundamentalism/evangelical (opposition to SOGI rights), Hindu (opposition to SOGIE rights) and Islamic (opposition to SOGIE rights)
Republic v Kenya National Examinations Council & Another Ex-Parte Audrey Mbugua Ithibu, 193, 318, 368
rights (see constitutional equality/prohibition of discrimination/dignity and constitutional right to privacy)
Robinson, Tracy, 136, 248, 249
Roman Catholic Church (see Catholic Church)
Rolling Stone case (see Kasha Jacqueline, David Kato Kisuule & Pepe Julian Onziema v the Rolling Stone Ltd.)
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) (national security campaigns), 98
Saint Lucia, 7, 10, 13, 23, 131–54, 159
same-sex marriage/equal marriage/gay wedding, 17, 78, 82, 106, 149, 159, 313, 382, 395
same-sex marriage (legal/constitutional prohibition), 20, 63, 64, 65, 66, 81, 82, 88–9
Same-Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Act, Nigeria, 20, 66, 89
same-sex relationship/family law, 13, 20, 82, 136, 149, 170
same-sex parental rights/adoption (legal recognition of), 82, 382, 388
sanctuary city, 122
safe space(s), 172, 309, 330, 334, 337
Safe Third Country Agreement (Canada/USA), 118, 122
Section 377 (see India Penal Code Section 377)
Section 145 (see Uganda Penal Code Act Section 145)
service provision/providers, 24, 28, 63, 66, 69, 90, 102, 104, 116, 120, 121, 123, 133, 163, 166–7, 170, 171, 172, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 264, 271, 274, 281, 288, 289, 299, 307, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316, 330, 356, 363, 364, 369, 372
settler-state, 117
sexual citizenship (see citizenship, sexual)
Sexual Minorities Uganda (SMUG), 5, 20, 22, 27–8, 270, 282, 287, 300, 308–9, 325, 328–34, 335, 336, 371–2, 376, 381, 382–3, 389–91
Sexual Minorities Uganda v. Scott Lively, 5, 79, 80, 86, 87, 324, 335, 341, 372, 379
sexual reproductive health/rights, 89, 170, 186, 237, 310, 315
sex work/sex workers, 14, 16, 161, 172, 247, 248, 258, 274, 311, 334, 368, 396–7
Shah, Chief Justice (retd.), 51, 52, 55, 57
scientists’ report, Uganda, 297
social imperialism/to impose social values, 77
social media (use of for advocacy), 250, 254, 256, 259, 260, 263, 381
Society Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination (SASOD), 16, 17, 158, 161, 162, 172, 383–4
sodomy/sodomise/sodomite/Sodom (see also buggery/sodomy (laws against)), 44, 45, 46, 64, 79, 257, 280
South Africa, 65, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 186, 198, 199, 200, 231, 288, 298, 316, 324, 332, 339, 352, 382
Spectrum Uganda Initiative, 280, 330
Ssempa, Pastor Martin, 79, 86, 87, 273, 324, 334
St Lucia (see Saint Lucia)
state security/anti-terrorism measures (impact on SOGIE organising), 28, 98, 112, 114, 116, 117, 215, 272, 313, 314, 351–2, 373
Stirm, Scott/Jubilee Ministries/Belize Action, 257, 259, 260, 261
structural inequality/inequalities/structural adjustment, 23, 30, 31, 133, 134, 137
structural violence, 162, 164, 166, 167, 172, 173
Sudan and South Sudan, 70, 72, 177, 186, 223, 277
Suresh Kumar Koushal and another v Naz Foundation and others, India, 18, 19, 43, 54–8, 60, 61
surgery/hormone treatment, 17, 60, 360, 361
Tamale, Dr. Sylvia, 30, 177, 275, 332, 390
third gender, 5, 60, 238, 256, 297
Third World lesbian statement (UN Women’s Conference, Nairobi), 226
Thuto Rammoge and others v. attorney general of Botswana, 20, 197–8
tourism/gay tourism, 133, 137–9
trade unions/organised labour (and SOGIE rights), 51, 227
tradition/traditional/values/culture (see also family values/normal family unit/traditional family/‘pro-family’), 23, 24, 53, 64, 65, 70, 71, 76, 78, 79, 111, 166, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 188, 190, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 240, 273, 312, 313, 314, 323, 324, 328, 352, 355, 362, 382, 386, 392, 394, 395
traditional courts, 65
trans/trans men/trans women (see also refugee determination), 5, 11, 14, 16, 17, 18–19, 44–5, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58–60, 70, 157, 160–4, 172, 178, 185, 193, 229, 230, 232, 234, 241, 242, 257, 278, 280, 282, 310, 376, 384, 388, 392
Transgender Education and Advocacy (TEA) (Kenya), 193, 309, 355, 317, 349
Transgender Equality Uganda, 337
transgender/trans (community/organising/advocacy), 26, 161, 193, 227, 251, 254, 287–8, 308, 309, 317, 318, 328, 329, 337, 338, 347–69, 376, 393, 394, 397
Transgender, Intersex and Transsexuals (TITs) (Kenya), 355
Trans-Support Initiative Uganda, 337
Trans Murder Monitoring project/Transgender Europe, 14
transnational/North-South/South-South (SOGI organising), 1, 2, 3, 5, 30, 31, 148, 153, 154, 201, 227
transphobia, 160, 167–70, 172, 309, 314, 359, 386, 404
transsexual, 57, 232, 254, 355, 388
Uganda Penal Code Act (Section 145), 21, 69, 194, 271, 274, 290, 291, 337
Ugandan Martyrs, see Kabaka Mwanga
‘un-African’, 24, 26, 28, 85, 178, 180, 197, 201, 312, 314, 323, 326, 327, 354, 391
UNAIDS, 172, 225, 227, 295, 299, 332
United and Strong, 10, 32, 135, 377, 383, 388
United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM), 7, 247–66
United Nations (advancement of SOGI issues), 172, 223–43, 248, 252, 253, 310, 385
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 98
United Nations Independent Expert on SOGI issues, 6, 26, 181, 182, 185, 230
UN Women, 226, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), 180, 184, 187, 240
Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Guyana, 161
University of West Indies Rights Advocacy Project (U-RAP), 14, 17, 247, 248, 249
unnatural offences/intercourse/practices (see carnal intercourse/knowledge against the order of nature)
vagrancy/idle and disorderly (laws against – use re: SOGIE and ITGNC minorities), 13–14, 271
Victor Mukasa and Yvonne Oyo v Attorney General, 81, 285
violence/violations/abuse (on the basis of SOGI) (see also police/law enforcement), 6, 11, 14, 16, 22, 23–4, 28, 30–1, 63, 88, 89, 90, 102, 119, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 161–3, 164–70, 172, 173, 178, 181, 188, 190, 191, 196, 208, 209, 210, 215, 216, 218, 228, 229, 230, 231, 238, 240, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 263, 265, 270, 273, 275, 278, 282, 308, 310–13, 314, 316, 318, 325, 329, 339, 341, 348, 349, 351, 352, 355, 359, 361, 369, 376, 380, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 389, 390
Voices Against 377/Voices, 4, 50, 54, 392, 395, 396, 397
Walter Reed Project (Makerere University), 281, 299, 301
Warren, Pastor Rick, 87
Western and essentialist concepts of sexual orientation/gender identity (see also refugee determination, Canada), 2, 7, 23, 24, 29, 30, 97, 111, 112, 139, 142, 146–51, 153, 154, 209, 224, 232
West Indies Rights Advocacy Project, 248–249
women (human and reproductive rights)/women’s movement/organising (see also UN Women), 23, 25, 27, 29, 50, 70, 85, 90, 111, 113, 114–15, 134, 136–7, 152, 159, 164, 168, 172, 179, 183, 186, 187, 188, 229, 237, 242, 251, 257, 258, 261, 274, 290, 310, 330, 334, 351, 356, 376, 390, 394, 395, 397
women who have sex with women (WSW) (see also lesbian(s)/lesbianism), 310, 316
criminalisation of, 13, 16, 63, 135, 160–1, 196, 241, 310, 330, 331, 348
World Social Forum (Nairobi 2007), 308, 333, 348
Yogyakarta Principles/Yogyakarta Principles plus 10, 26, 225, 230, 231–2, 240
Zeid Ra’ad Al Hussein, 229
Zimbabwe, 20, 63, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 77, 86, 177, 179, 188
Zimbabwe Human Rights NGO Forum v. Zimbabwe, 188