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Migrating Borders and Citizenship in Law: Index

Migrating Borders and Citizenship in Law
Index

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Series Page
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright
  4. Dedication
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
    1. Notes
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. List of abbreviations
  9. Introduction
  10. Part I: Scales and locales of migrating borders
    1. 1. Bordering empire
      1. Introduction: bordering empire – migrating borders past and present
      2. The role of empires
      3. Durability of empires and the role of law
      4. Subjecthood and borders: race, poverty and the unfree ‘free’ movement
      5. Movement of people during empire
      6. The emergence of national borders
      7. Bordering empire: the hegemonic effect of the rule of law
      8. Empire: law as legitimacy and jurisdiction
      9. Mobilisation of rights and subjecthood
      10. The end of free movement and the Commonwealth
      11. Re-bordering at the end of empire
      12. Conclusion
      13. Notes
    2. 2. Empire into nation state: bringing home the colonial hostile environment
      1. Introduction
      2. Chief legal architecture of hostile environment
      3. From ‘civis Britannicus sum’ to ‘civis nullius sum’?
      4. A quick march of the law
      5. The arrival of East African Asians
      6. The idea of patriality
      7. Document checking and precarity
      8. Health bordering through documentation
      9. Resistance from civil society
      10. Asylum privatisation and provision of resources
      11. The legality of asylum seeking
      12. Blocking citizenship for refugees
      13. Conclusion
      14. Notes
    3. 3. Bordering a continent and a country: EU and the UK
      1. Introduction
      2. The UK in the EU
      3. Characteristics of EU citizenship
      4. Continental citizenship and rights
      5. EU citizenship: undermining or sharing nation-state sovereignty?
      6. Continental ‘welfare’ bordering and borders in the borderless: free movement while keeping ‘others’ at bay
      7. Bordering asylum
      8. Brexit and ramifications
      9. Conclusion
      10. Notes
  11. Part II: Themes and practices of migrating borders
    1. 4. Bordering the workplace
      1. Introduction
      2. The points-based system for work entry
      3. Brexit and the labour market
      4. Naturalisation and belonging
      5. ‘Lower-skilled’ workers and vulnerability
      6. Who is an irregular worker?
      7. Bordering asylum seeking through work
      8. Eyes everywhere: private parties checking status and technology
      9. The university as a workplace site of bordering and production of future workers
      10. Conclusion
      11. Notes
    2. 5. Bordering families
      1. Introduction
      2. Anxiety about the migrant family
      3. Culture of disbelief: virginity testing
      4. Culture of disbelief: sham marriages and non-marriages
      5. Culture of control: the minimum income requirements
      6. Bordering through denying humanity
      7. Section 55 of the Borders, Citizenship and Immigration Act 2009
      8. Children’s rights: citizenship
      9. Education for children
      10. The university as a site of national security bordering
      11. Right to access healthcare for children and their families
      12. Access to children’s health services in detention
      13. Preserving children’s rights and keeping families together
      14. Conclusion
      15. Notes
    3. 6. Bordering globally: emergencies of health and security
      1. Introduction
      2. The pandemic and public health borders
      3. Exclusion of citizens: Newman v Minister for Health and Aged Care
      4. Exclusion of foreigners: Djokovic and discretion
      5. Proportionality and Covid: disproportionate effect on minority populations
      6. Detention
      7. Control of conduct: bordering through deportation
      8. National security bordering measures: cancellation of citizenship
      9. Cancellation and new frontiers for multiple nationality holders
      10. Conclusion
      11. Notes
  12. Conclusion
    1. Notes
  13. References
  14. Index

Index

  • Africa
  • borders in, 89, 101
  • Agamben, Giorgio
  • ‘bare life’ and immigration detention, 5, 186, 192, 203, 224
  • camps, 82, 108, 212
  • state of exception, 203
  • agricultural workers, 128, 138
  • Al-Jedda, 209
  • Al-Kateb v Godwin, 172, 186, 205
  • Ali (Iraq) v Serco Ltd, 76
  • Aliens Act 1905 (UK), 31, 106, 113, 151
  • Aliens Restriction (Amendment) Act 1919, 129
  • ancestry visas, 60, 84–5, 161
  • Arendt, Hannah
  • ‘right to have rights’, 71, 98, 215
  • asylum
  • accommodation, 53, 76–7, 80, 148, 160, 172–3, 202–3
  • age assessment of children, 171
  • conflation with immigration and nationality, 4, 232
  • deportation, 70–1, 75–6, 82–3, 120–1, 141–2, 149–50, 183–4, 201–5, 207–8
  • detention, 75–6, 128–9, 149–51, 171–3,185–6, 202–5, 207
  • externalisation of, 78, 114, 153
  • Limbuela standard, 149
  • reception conditions, 111
  • safe third countries, 78–80, 114
  • seekers
  • UK–Rwanda plan, 79–80, 114
  • Australia
  • Biosecurity Act 2015, 197–8
  • Djokovic visa cancellation, 199–200
  • exclusion of own citizens, 85, 95, 208–9, 218, 224, 231
  • strict Covid border regime, 6, 191, 195–6, 224
  • ayahs (Indian nannies), 17, 24
  • Bangladesh
  • partition, 34, 44, 64, 82
  • Begum, Shamima
  • fair trial rights, 35, 212–3
  • trafficking arguments, 139, 143, 145–6
  • Bibby Stockholm barge, 203–4
  • birthright citizenship (jus soli), 23, 62, 73–4, 93–7, 173–5, 223
  • anchor babies, 74, 96, 175, 223
  • Ireland and Northern Ireland, 94–6
  • ‘border crossed us’ trope, 2, 228
  • borders, externalisation of, 78, 114, 153
  • British Empire. See also Empire
  • dominions vs colonies, 21–2, 30
  • role of law, 3–7, 17, 46–7, 51, 65, 77, 85, 87, 97, 125
  • subjecthood, 5–6, 15, 18–22, 26, 31–3, 36–7, 39–44, 47–8, 218
  • British Nationality Act 1948, 22, 43–4, 55–7, 60, 98, 101, 129, 162
  • transformation of subjecthood, 5, 20
  • British Nationality Act 1981, 43, 62, 85, 95, 101, 173–4, 178, 209–10
  • Calcutta, 1, 18, 36–7, 44
  • Calvin’s Case, 19–20
  • Canada
  • Komagata Maru, 27–30, 42, 48–9, 57, 63
  • racialised immigration restrictions, 5, 30, 32, 48, 55, 85, 140, 148–9, 154, 188, 192, 231
  • Caribbean, 23, 43, 52, 54, 57, 89
  • care worker visa, 134, 167
  • carrier sanctions, 25, 66, 151
  • CEAS (Common European Asylum System), 111
  • census, 179
  • channel crossings, 78
  • Chen case (Zhu and Chen), 94, 175
  • Children Act 1989, 171, 177
  • children
  • best interests of, 177
  • citizenship of, 93, 96, 104, 110, 168–9, 173–5
  • fees for registration as citizens (PRCBC case), 173
  • migrants, 93–4, 110, 154, 160, 168, 170–1, 173, 175, 178, 209
  • citizenship
  • as continuity from subjecthood, 22, 44–5, 56, 81
  • conditional, 3, 43, 121, 208, 216, 218, 231
  • deprivation of, 95, 97–8, 118, 129, 137–8, 206, 209–10, 212, 215–9
  • documentary, 63–4, 67, 143, 151
  • equal, 43–4, 47, 49, 53, 56, 58–9, 95–6, 98, 107–9, 220, 224–5
  • multiple / dual, 216, 222–3
  • pandemic passports, 196, 207
  • undocumented, 63–4
  • cities
  • global, 232
  • sanctuary, 232
  • Commonwealth, 5, 30–1, 33, 43–5, 52, 55–63, 65, 84–5, 97–8
  • Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962, 57–62, 85
  • Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968, 57–62, 84–5, 225
  • migration from Commonwealth countries, 11–12, 52, 57–8, 61–2, 84, 97
  • continental/ EU membership, 6, 88
  • Brexit, 52, 55, 72, 87–8, 95–8, 115–21, 130–1, 133–4
  • creation of foreigners, 42, 211, 217, 222, 229
  • EU Settlement Scheme, 117, 121, 135
  • loss of EU free movement, 93, 115, 176
  • nationalism and re-bordering, 2–3, 6, 42, 46, 48, 98–9, 107, 121, 169, 231
  • Council of Europe (CoE), 90
  • Covid-19 pandemic, 6, 67, 133, 191, 193, 195–6
  • crimmigration, 192
  • DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), 63, 180
  • Dano Case, 109
  • data protection and immigration control, 71, 75, 157, 183, 187
  • GDPR, 71–2
  • decolonisation, 1, 6, 13–14, 17, 32, 46, 48–9, 51–2
  • denizen, 63
  • deportation / transportation – penal colonies, 7, 12, 60, 205, 224
  • deputisation, 66
  • DeSouza case, 95
  • discretion, executive, 231
  • discrimination, structural, 58
  • domestic workers, migrant
  • Overseas Domestic Worker visa, 138–9, 141
  • DREAM Act / Dreamers, 180–1
  • Dummett and Nicol, 20, 22–4, 30–1, 37, 43, 56
  • Dublin III Regulation, 111
  • East African Asians case, 59, 61, 84
  • East India Company, 17
  • ECAT (Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking), 143–4
  • ECHR (European Convention on Human Rights), 61, 71, 87, 92–3, 144, 193, 215
  • EEC / EU origins, 90, 93
  • Treaty of Rome, 91
  • ECJ / CJEU (European Court of Justice), 92–3, 103, 105, 108, 119, 136
  • proportionality review, 92
  • supremacy and direct effect of EU law, 175
  • education rights, 178, 193
  • emergency powers, 193, 231
  • Empire
  • British, 3–6, 11–23, 25–49, 51–3, 55–9, 77–9, 83–5,116, 120–1, 125
  • comparative, 12–17
  • Equality Act 2010, 68, 140–1
  • emergency powers, bordering through, 192–3, 197, 220
  • equality, 2, 21, 39, 47, 58–9, 140–1, 202, 218
  • ethnicity and race, 48
  • family migration, 126, 154, 159–61, 168–9, 175, 178, 191
  • Article 8 ECHR, 144–5, 163, 170
  • reunification, 62, 168, 170
  • ‘fantasy’ worker-citizen, 135
  • firewalls, 187
  • forced marriages, 165, 189
  • Fortress Europe, 97, 112
  • Frontex, 111–2
  • Gandhi, 1, 39, 41
  • Geneva Convention 1951 and 1967 Protocol, 111, 220
  • Geneva Conventions on Statelessness (1954, 1961), 220
  • Gentleman, Amelia, 53
  • gig economy, 126, 141
  • Global Compact on Refugees, 83, 111–3, 166
  • Global North, 2, 78
  • Global South, 1–2, 78, 216–7, 225
  • Good Friday / Belfast Agreement, 93–5
  • Gurkhas, 25, 41–2
  • Hardial Singh case principles, 204
  • health bordering, 70, 203
  • data sharing, 55, 69–71, 73–5, 151, 183–4, 187–9, 202
  • maternal health, 183
  • NHS charging, 75, 182–4, 202
  • HJ (Iran) and HT (Cameroon) Case, 166
  • Holodomor (Ukraine famine), 32
  • Home Office (UK)
  • hostile environment, 6, 51–2, 54–5, 63–6, 69–70, 85, 117, 127–9, 132, 141, 150–1
  • Illegal Migration Act 2023, 222, 228, 230, 232
  • Illegal working offence, 141, 152
  • Immigration
  • Immigration Act 1971, 59–61, 85, 101, 113, 149, 163–4, 203–4
  • Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (UK), 226, 232
  • Immigration Health Surcharge, 183–4, 187
  • Immigration, labour, 6, 98, 107, 125, 127, 131, 133–4, 152, 156
  • Immigration, work and welfare, 107–8, 230.
  • Indentured labour, 23, 48, 229
  • India
  • partition of, 34, 44, 64, 82
  • British rule, 18, 37, 40, 47
  • Inner Temple, 37, 39
  • Inns of Court, 37–8
  • integration, 38, 88–9, 92–3, 222, 232
  • internal bordering, 46, 52, 54, 84, 91, 151, 158, 230
  • International Law Commission (ILC), 221
  • intersectionality, 2, 167, 201
  • Irish migration, 94–6, 217
  • irregular workers, 132, 142
  • JCWI (Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants), 68
  • Jews, 31, 113
  • judicial review, 33, 101, 103, 119, 148, 171, 185, 193–4, 215
  • Kalayaan, NGO, 140
  • Kaur case, 101–2
  • Kenyan and Ugandan Asians, 59
  • Komagata Maru, 27–30, 42, 48–9, 57, 63
  • labour market, 3, 97–8, 107–8, 126–7, 131, 133–4, 136, 147, 156, 163, 228
  • recruitment of foreign workers, 127, 136
  • Points Based System (PBS), 120, 130, 179
  • land, indigenous ownership of, 23
  • landlords, duties of, 67, 151
  • lascars (Indian seamen), 17,24
  • legal fictions, 15
  • Liechtenstein, 91, 100
  • Limbuela case, 149, 169
  • Lisbon Treaty, 93, 111
  • Lukes, Steven, 35,70,120, 168, 228
  • maternity and reproductive care, 73, 18, 23
  • metropole and periphery, 40
  • Merton case, 171
  • minimum income requirement (MIR), 110, 167
  • Modern Slavery Act 2015 (UK), 129, 139–40, 142–6, 158
  • museums, 12
  • national security, 3, 181, 191–2, 201, 206–9, 212–6, 220, 225–6, 228, 230
  • Nationality and Borders Act 2022, 224–5, 228–30
  • National Referral Mechanism (NRM), 143
  • naturalisation, 16, 23, 100, 103, 135, 137–8, 158, 162, 165, 217–8
  • New World colonies, 23, 30
  • New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, 112
  • NHS, 59, 69–70, 74–5, 85, 134, 182–4, 194, 202
  • NHS charging regulations, 75, 182–4
  • non-refoulement, 80,111
  • NRPF (No Recourse to Public Funds), 107, 133
  • NZYQ v Minister for Immigration – Australian High Court, 205
  • constitutional validity of indefinite detention, 172, 186, 205
  • Operation Nexus, 165
  • Ottoman Empire
  • pandemic borders, 6, 191–2, 194–5, 208, 224, 226
  • passport, 16, 25–6, 53, 56, 58–9, 61, 68, 74–5, 82–3
  • patriality, 60
  • Immigration Act 1971, 59–61, 85, 101, 113, 149, 163–4, 203–4
  • racialised belonging and whiteness, 22, 48, 60
  • right of abode, 41, 60, 62, 84–5, 102
  • Peace of Westphalia (1648), 13
  • Plyler v Doe, 180
  • Poverty, 2, 20, 44, 172, 203
  • Powell, ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech, 57, 85
  • power, dimensions of, 229–30
  • precarity, 6, 55, 65, 83, 88, 141, 157–8, 213
  • Prevent (UK), 75–6, 181
  • proportionality, 68–9, 72, 92, 103–5, 198, 201, 215, 224
  • public charge, 113
  • race, 48
  • Race Relations Act 1965, 33, 58
  • Race Relations Act 1968, 33, 58, 140
  • Race Relations Act 1976, 33, 58
  • refugee ‘crisis’ 2015, 110–2, 189
  • right to rent, 67–9, 153, 202
  • Ríos, Alberto, Poet, 1–2, 11, 51, 87, 125, 159, 191, 227
  • Rottmann Case, 103, 176
  • rule of law, 7, 29, 33, 35, 39, 65, 90, 188, 214, 230, 232
  • Russia, 15–16, 31, 220
  • Russian Empire, 15
  • Ruiz Zambrano Case, 96, 175
  • Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act 2024, 79–80, 114, 157, 201
  • sanctuary cities / sanctuary universities, 187, 232
  • Schengen Area, 89, 91
  • seasonal agricultural workers, 128
  • second-class citizens / alien citizens, 2, 161, 218
  • security, bordering, 3, 5–6, 46, 76, 128, 151, 181, 197, 207, 224–6, 230
  • security, national, See also National security, 208
  • Sen, Gouri, 1
  • Serco, 76–7, 151, 185, 203
  • settler colonies / dominions, 21–2
  • Shachar, Ayelet
  • shifting border, 2, 45–6, 227
  • Shamima Begum case, See also Begum, Shamima, 213
  • sham marriages, 164–5
  • duty to report, 66, 71, 151
  • overlaps with ‘non-marriage’, 165
  • policing of migrant couples, 165–6
  • Sikhs, 25, 27–9, 41, 45, 82
  • slavery, 1, 12, 22–3, 132, 139–40, 142–7.
  • abolition of, (1833), 23, 158
  • chattel slavery, 22, 144–5
  • modern slavery, 127, 129, 132
  • small boats (Channel crossings), 78
  • Somerset v Stewart (1772), 23
  • Sorabji, Cornelia, 30, 37
  • sovereignty, 12–13, 15, 102, 115–6, 232
  • Soviet empire, 13–14
  • Soviet Union, 14, 16
  • statelessness, 83, 95, 103, 209–12, 215–9, 226
  • Statute of Westminster 1931, 30
  • subjecthood, 5–6, 15, 18–22, 31–3, 36–7, 39–44, 47–8
  • Tagore, Rabindranath, 233
  • Taiwo v Olaigbe case, 140
  • TB screening, 194, 226
  • technology and bordering, 3, 46, 107, 151, 153, 197, 224–6, 230
  • temporary visas, tied, 132
  • Title 42 (US)
  • Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000 (US), 139, 143–4, 146
  • Treaty of Lisbon, 93, 111
  • Treaty of Maastricht, 98, 111
  • Treaty of Rome, 91
  • UASC (Unaccompanied Asylum-Seeking Children), 160, 170–1
  • Ukraine, 1, 14, 16, 32, 78, 126, 201, 220
  • Ukraine schemes (UK), 80, 114–5
  • UK hostile/compliant environment, 52, 54, 63, 66, 69, 129, 157, 183, 231
  • UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), 169, 177
  • UNHCR, 79–81, 112, 114, 200, 203
  • United Nations / human rights instruments, 14, 142
  • United States
  • DACA, 63, 180–1
  • DREAM Act, 180–1
  • Family separation, 160–1, 172
  • Plyler v Doe, 180
  • United States v Wong Kim Ark, 96
  • vaccines / vaccine passport, 195
  • virginity testing of South Asian women, 163
  • welfare state, 91–2, 106–8, 110
  • Westphalian treaty/system, 13
  • whiteness, 22, 48, 60
  • Williams, Wendy / Windrush Lessons Learned
  • Windrush
  • generation, 43, 52–3, 55, 57, 62–3, 84, 87–8, 98
  • scandal, 43, 52, 57, 117, 142
  • Yarl’s Wood, 186, 203
  • Zaghari-Ratcliffe, Nazanin, 221.
  • dual nationality, 102–3, 213, 217, 221–2, 225
  • predominant nationality and diplomatic protection, 46, 101, 126, 169, 209, 218, 220–1, 225
  • ZH (Tanzania), 177

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