Index

Note on indexing of places

In this book I have discussed places in London through multiple spatial and jurisdictional frames of reference. As a result, the same location may be indexed here under several headings. For instance, if looking for London’s eastern extramural area, references would be found under London wards: Portsoken, London parishes: St Botolph Aldgate and London places: Aldgate, neighbourhood outside.

adultery, 113, 139, 141, 145, 181, 192

Aldingbourne (Allingbourne), Sussex, 50

alehouses, 96, 106–7, 159, 175–6, 178–9

ale tasting (tippling), 148–9

aliens see migrants

almshouses, 29, 30, 32–3

apprenticeship and apprentices, xxi, 31, 36, 52, 95–6, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108–9, 109–10, 126, 165, 192

archery and archery butts, 24

aristocracy, 40, 60, 62, 69

artisans, xxviii, xxxi, 35, 38, 43, 69, 72, 82–3, 86

assize of bread and ale, 141, 144, 175

assize of nuisance, 16, 23, 138

Bayly, Alice, 107–8, 117–8, 119

bawds and bawdry, xviii, 113, 131, 141, 148, 149, 150, 178, 180, 183

Black Death, mortality in xxvii–iii

social effects of, xxxiii, 94

begging, xviii, 94–5

behaviour, regulation of, 140–6, 146–7, 148–50, 168–9, 175–6, 179–81, 185, 198

Berkshire, 106

Berkshire places

Newbury, 114, 123

bowling alleys, 24, 38, 165–6, 176–7, 203

Brabant, 68

Bremen, xxv

Bruges, xxiii, 150

Buckinghamshire, 87

Buckinghamshire places

Amersham, 87

built environment (see also London buildings and structures), 1, 16–26, 64, 206

Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 14

care for the sick (see also London religious houses, hospitals and institutions), 21–2, 188–9

ceremonial uses of space, xvii–iii, 188

Champagne, 75

charity, xxiv, 30, 32–3, 49–50, 50–1, 77, 80, 81, 83, 94, 154, 205

Chester, Cheshire, 90

children, 36, 105

citizenship, xvi, xx–i, xxx, 39–41, 44–5, 65, 90, 103, 135, 201, 207, 208–9

clergy, xxii, xxxvi, 59, 65, 67–8, 76, 91, 111, 131, 166, 194–5

closh and closhbanes see bowling alleys

Cockerel, Agnes, 116–8, 119, 122, 186

cockfighting, 24

Corbe, Agnes, 105, 110–1, 114–5, 120

courts

archdeaconry, 54

commissary court of the bishop of London, xxxiv, 31, 162, 185–6, 190

consistory court of the bishop of London, 36, 42–3, 97–135, 144–5, 158–63, 166–7, 174, 176–88, 189–95

ecclesiastical, xxxvi, 98, 138–9, 171, 206

manor, xxxvi, 165–6, 196

prerogative court of Canterbury, xxxiv

royal, 138–40, 165

wardmote, xxxvi, 18, 20–1, 25–6, 62, 90, 94, 116, 118, 137, 138, 139–40, 141–4, 146–57, 167, 168, 171, 177, 181, 183, 188, 192, 195–6

Cockermouth, Cumberland, 124

Coventry, Warwickshire, 34, 37

criminality, xviii, xxxi, 112–3, 121–2, 188

Culverden, William, 42–3, 55, 167, 183 n. 54

cursus honorum, 152, 157, 203

defamation, 127, 131, 132, 159, 163, 174, 180, 181–2, 183–4, 185

Derbyshire, 103

domestic abuse, 110, 114–5, 120–1, 132, 149, 177–8, 194–5

Edward IV, 112

epidemic disease, 57–8

Ermine Street, 19–20, 84, 120

Essex, 19, 60, 84, 85–6, 103

Essex places

Coggeshall, 111

Colchester, 85

East Ham, 85, 86

Havering-atte-Bower, 192

Rainham, 86

Stapleford Abbotts, 134

Stratford, 20, 85

Tilbury, 85

Waltham, 76, 120, 134

West Ham, 50, 85

Exeter, Devon, 103

extramural neighbourhoods, xv–vii, xxiv–vii, xxix, xxxii, xxxvii–xl, 1–2, 8, 15–7, 20–45, 47–51, 74, 81, 83, 90–2, 96, 100–1, 104, 105, 115, 126–36, 163–8, 188–99, 201–4, 208 et passim

jurisdiction in, xxvii, 163–8

evil May day, 39, 150–1

fama, fame see gossip

Florence, 52

foreigners see non-citizens

fornication, 150, 158, 159, 197

frankpledge, 93, 139, 142, 165

fraternities, religious, 48, 62–3, 90–1, 156

Corpus Christi, St Mary Whitechapel, 63

Holy Cross, St Lawrence Jewry, 63

Holy Mary, St Bride, 63

Holy Mary of Graces, St Paul’s cathedral, 63

Jesus, St Botolph Aldgate, 63, 80, 90

Our Lady, St Leonard Eastcheap, 63, 82

penny brotherhood, St Lawrence Jewry, 63

St Barbara, alien fraternity of, 68

at St Botolph Aldersgate, 63

St Crispin, Dutch fraternity of, 67, 68

SS Fabian and Sebastian, 55–6, 61–2, 63, 156

St Giles, St Giles Cripplegate, 63

at St Katherine Cree, 63

St Lucy, St Nicholas Shambles, 63, 82

St Ursula, St Lawrence Jewry, 63

freemen see citizenship, migration

Fryday, William, 106, 187

gardens, 18, 19, 21, 23–4, 27, 34, 40, 44, 201

Gelderland, 99

gentry, xxii, 40, 43, 56, 60, 62, 69, 91

Great Gransden, Huntingdonshire, 106

gossip, xxxix–xl, 97, 106–7, 112–3, 115, 117, 126, 127, 132, 144, 146, 147, 163, 171–5, 195–8

guilds (see also London guilds and companies), xix, xxi, xxviii–ix, 38, 39, 43, 45, 49–50, 52, 64, 70–4, 90–1, 103, 205, 207, 209, 210

Henry IV, 63

Henry VIII, 208

Hertfordshire, 19, 84, 85

Hertfordshire places

Bengeo, 84

Cheshunt, 84

hostelries, 21–2, 139

inns and innkeeping, 21–2, 25, 106–7, 176, 177, 183

journeymen, 36, 99, 108, 125

Kent, 60

Kent places

Canterbury, 90

Stone, 106

Lancashire, 101

Leicestershire, 103

lepers and leprosy, xvii, 17, 21–2, 149, 182

lodgers, 21, 22, 176, 190

London

defence of, 16

economy of, xxix–xxx, 43–4

economic influence on region, 19–20, 50–1, 84–90, 93, 106–7, 121–2, 133, 134–5

government of, xxviii

jurisdiction in, xxxvi, 39, 44, 45, 137–9, 163–8, 188–9, 196–8

mobility around, xxxix, 74, 81–3, 93–136, 189, 190, 197–8, 207

population of, xxvii, xxix, 2, 27, 94, 189, 206, 207

public order in, 175–6

regulation of prostitution in, 31, 94, 188–9

relationship with the crown, 16–7

spatial division of, 3–4, 10, 49, 65, 138, 164

London buildings and structures

Aldgate (city gate), 17

Aldersgate (city gate), 17

Axe, the, Aldgate Street, 20, 22, 25, 41

bars, xxvii, 1, 17, 19, 39

Bishopsgate (city gate), 17, 20

Black Horse, the, Aldersgate Street, 5, 26–7

Bishopsgate (city gate), 1

bridge, 16, 81

Bull’s Head tavern, St Martin le Grand, 197

ditch, 17

gates, xvi, 16

George, the, Bishopsgate Street, 22, 35

Guildhall, xxxix, 76, 81, 131

Harp, the, Bishopsgate Street, 22

Hert’s Horn, the, Aldgate Street, 20

Holborn cross, 117

Ludgate (prison), 80

Moorgate, 17

Newgate (city gate), 17

Newgate (prison), 80

Rothes Place, Aldersgate Street, 43

St Katherine’s wharf, 18

Three Kings, Portsoken, 183

Tower of London, 18, 168

Tower wharf, 18

Trinity Hall, Aldersgate Street (alias the Brotherhood Hall, hall of the fraternity of Holy Trinity), 21

walls, xv, 16–17

White Hert, Bishopsgate Street, 132

London civic officials

aldermen, xv, xxviii, 36–7, 55, 59–60, 69, 115, 138, 162, 166, 167, 182, 183

beadles, 17, 158

common councillors, 152, 155 n. 55, 157

constables, 152, 154, 158, 159

mayors, xv, xxviii, 10, 138

recorders, 59

sheriffs, xxviii, 138

wardens of the city gates, 17, 22

London guilds and companies

Butchers, 90

Carpenters, 32–4

Fishmongers, 50, 52, 71, 86

Founders, 83

Innholders, 21

Mercers, 71

London liberties see also London religious houses, hospitals and institutions

Blanchappleton

East Smithfield, 38, 64

Norton Folgate, 19, 24, 38, 127, 131, 132, 139, 164–6, 191–2, 196, 197

St John’s Street, 104, 133, 158, 164

St Martin le Grand, 39, 68, 121–2, 123, 142, 195–6, 197

London parishes, xxviii, 49

All Hallows London Wall, xxxvii–ix, 11, 12, 20, 32, 44, 104, 129

Holy Trinity the Less, 83

St Alphage, 66

St Andrew Castle Baynard, 66, 68, 82

St Andrew Cornhill, 66

St Andrew Hubbard, 158

St Andrew Undershaft, 118, 189

St Anne and St Agnes (alias St Anne Aldersgate), 22, 81

St Antonin (alias St Antolin), 66, 108

St Augustine Papey, 11

St Benet Fink, 66

St Benet Gracechurch, 66

St Botolph Aldersgate, xxxvii–ix, 6, 15, 19, 36, 40, 41, 44, 50, 51, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61–2, 63, 65, 66–7, 69, 76, 78, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88, 126, 153, 156, 176, 185

St Botolph Aldgate, xxxii, xxxvii–ix, 6, 15, 24, 27, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66–7, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85–7, 88, 90, 103, 133, 134–5, 154, 166, 167, 183, 185, 189, 190

St Botolph Bishopsgate, xxxvii–ix, 6, 15, 23, 29, 31, 36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 51, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59–60, 62, 65, 66–7, 76, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 86–7, 89, 90, 91, 109, 126, 127, 130, 132, 133, 185

St Bride Fleet Street, 63, 185

St Clement without the Bars, 115

St Clement Eastcheap, 122–3

St Dunstan in the East, 64, 68, 106

St Dunstan in the West, 124

St Edmund Lombard Street, 132

St Ethelburga, 81, 132

St Gabriel, 66

St Giles Cripplegate, 63, 66, 76, 107, 110, 115, 133, 178

St Helen Bishopsgate, 66

St Katherine Cree, xxxvii–ix, 6, 11, 15, 16, 27, 29, 36, 39–40, 41, 44, 51, 54, 57, 63, 65, 66–7, 69, 76, 77, 78, 87, 89, 91

St Lawrence Jewry, xxxvii–ix, 6, 15, 16, 36, 39–40, 41, 44, 51, 54, 57, 59, 63, 64, 65, 66–7, 71, 73, 76, 87

St Leonard Eastcheap, 63, 82

St Magnus the Martyr, 66, 120

St Margaret Bridge Street, 66

St Mary Aldermanbury, 66

St Mary at Hill, 23, 60

St Mary Axe, 83, 104, 111–4

St Mary Magdalene Milk Street, 134

St Mary Staining, 192

St Mary Woolnoth, 107, 117

St Michael Bassingshaw, 107

St Michael Cornhill, 192, 194

St Michael Queenhithe, 184

St Nicholas Lombard Street, 109

St Nicholas Shambles, 63, 82, 108, 110

St Olave Jewry, 132

St Olave Silver Street, 110

St Peter Cornhill, 66

St Peter by the Tower, 114

St Sepulchre without Newgate, 31, 66, 103–4, 108, 116–7, 128, 132, 133, 180, 185, 186

St Swithin, 66, 115

St Thomas the Apostle, 81

London places and streets

Aldersgate, neighbourhood outside, 13, 19, 29

Aldersgate Street, 21, 43

Aldgate, neighbourhood inside, 13, 24, 81

Aldgate, neighbourhood outside, 13, 16, 29, 42–3, 64, 81, 134

Aldgate Street, xxxviii, 20, 64

Barbican, 20, 25

Bell Alley, outside Bishopsgate, 26–7

Bishopsgate, neighbourhood inside, 32, 81, 131–2

Bishopsgate, neighbourhood outside, 13, 15–6, 19, 20, 26–7, 32, 34–5, 42, 81, 127, 131–2, 133, 134, 164–5, 196

Bishopsgate Street, xxxviii, 1, 26–7, 34–5, 131, 132, 139, 164

Black Horse Alley, outside Aldersgate see London buildings and structures, Black Horse

Bridge, neighbourhood around, xxxii, 9, 50

Carter Lane, 192

Cheapside, xxx, xxxii, xxxix, 9, 11–2, 27

Cock Lane, St Sepulchre without Newgate, 31

East Smithfield (market), 20, 41, 90 see also London liberties: East Smithfield

Eastcheap, 24, 132

George Alley, outside Bishopsgate, 20, 26–7, 35

Gracechurch Street, 132

Harp Alley, outside Bishopsgate, 26–7

Houndsditch, 64

Knightrider Street, 81

Lombard Street, 117

Minories, 64

Moorfields, 1, 17

Poultry, 1, 71

Red Cross Street, 194

Stuard Alley, outside Bishopsgate, 26–7, 35

Tower Hill, 18, 23

West Smithfield, 17, 19, 20, 104

London religious houses, hospitals and institutions

Abbey of St Mary Graces (alias St Mary Graces Tower Hill), 29, 30–1, 64, 76, 166–7, 168

Austin (alias Augustinian) Friars, 29, 67, 76, 80, 192–3, 197

Black (alias Dominican) Friars, 68, 77, 80

Crossed (alias Crutched) Friars, 80

Grey (alias Franciscan) Friars, 77, 80

Hospital of St Bartholomew, 76, 120, 194–5, 197

Hospital of St Katherine (alias St Katherine by the Tower), 18, 30, 39, 65, 113, 122, 123, 133, 168, 190–1

Hospital of St Mary Bethlehem, 77, 127

Hospital of St Mary Bishopsgate (alias St Mary Spital), 18, 23, 26, 28–9, 39, 41, 76, 77, 127, 131, 164–5, 167–8, 192

Minoresses, 76, 77

Priory of Holy Trinity, 27, 29, 42–3, 76, 77, 166, 167, 183

Priory of St John of Jerusalem, 104

Priory of St Helen, 113

St Paul’s cathedral, 20, 25, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 139

White (alias Carmelite) Friars, 77, 80

Whittington College, 166

London wards, xxviii

Aldersgate, 9, 21–2, 62, 142, 144, 146 n. 26, 149, 151–2, 153, 155, 159, 177, 181, 192, 195–6

Aldgate, 9, 10

Castle Baynard, 192

Billingsgate, 113

Bishopsgate, 9, 10, 16, 36–7, 146 n. 26

Bread Street, 146 n. 26

Broad Street, 142, 144, 146 n. 26, 150

Cheap, 9

Cordwainer Street, 9

Cripplegate, 9, 10, 150

Farringdon Within, 146 n. 26, 162, 182

Farringdon Without, 9, 246 n. 26

Langbourn, 10, 113

Portsoken, 9, 10, 18, 25–6, 38, 62, 142, 144, 149, 150, 151–2, 153–4, 166, 183, 190

Tower, 10

Vintry, 146 n. 26

Lorraine, 68

Marow, William, 36, 55, 59–60, 69

marriage, 36, 62, 97, 110, 113–4, 114–5, 132–3, 134, 155, 160, 166–7, 179–80, 189–91, 192–3, 194–5, 197

Marseille, 98

mediation of disputes, 121–2, 140, 158–61

memory, 146–8, 186–7

men

and governance, xv, xxxiii, 141, 151, 160, 181–2, 184, 193–4, 210

housing of, 32, 33

husbands, 36, 110, 114–5, 191

masculinity, 148, 149, 155–6

as masters of households, 109, 112, 113–4, 123, 152

unmarried, 121

merchants, 10, 37, 71, 72

Middlesex, 85, 101

Middlesex parishes

St Dunstan Stepney, 80

St James Clerkenwell, 133, 178

St Leonard Shoreditch, 66

St Martin in the Fields, 124

St Mary Whitechapel (alias St Mary Matfelon), 63, 66, 76, 80, 85, 133, 134, 185

Middlesex places

Clerkenwell, 19, 20

Enfield, 84

Golding Lane, 166

Hackney, 84

Islington, 83

Shoreditch, 1, 127, 166

Stamford Hill, 84

Stepney, 60, 83, 85, 104, 133, 134, 191

Tottenham, 50, 166

Totteridge, 121–2, 123

Westminster, xxvii, 29, 30, 133, 207

Whitechapel, 19, 24, 41, 83, 85

Middlesex religious houses,

Hospital of St Giles in the Fields, 190

Westminster Abbey, 29, 167

middling sort, 62, 151, 172, 182, 186, 188, 198, 202–3

migrants

alien merchants, xv

attitudes towards, 125, 204

Dutch–speakers, 24, 38, 41, 67, 91, 99, 105, 125, 149, 204

easterlings, xv

French-speakers, 68, 149

German-speakers, 38, 67, 125, 149

integration into urban society, 48, 96, 150–1, 202, 204

Irish, 99, 110–1

Italian-speakers, xv, 67

relationship with London guilds and companies, 38, 41

religious fraternities of, 67, 68

residence in extramural neighbourhoods, 37–8, 64, 96, 203–4

residence in liberties, 38, 68, 142

Scottish, 164

social networks of, 64, 67–9, 91

wardmote complaints about, 149, 175, 195–6

Welsh, 101, 103

migration

chain, 106

and citizenship, 29, 41

international, xxi, 105, 207

role in urban society of, 93–136, 204

wanderjahr, 38, 105

within England, xxxiii, 50–1, 84, 91, 95–6, 98, 101–5, 125

Newport, Wales, 103

non-citizens, xx–i, xxxi, 29, 39, 40–1, 90–1, 103, 107, 144, 149

Northumberland, 101

Northumberland places

Newcastle upon Tyne, 103

Norwich, Norfolk, 157

occupations

bakers, 29, 41, 42, 73

bellfounders, 43, 70, 167

blacksmiths, 35

bladesmiths, 152

barbers and barber surgeons, 69, 70, 91, 132, 153

braziers, 42–3, 55, 70

brewers, 25, 41, 42, 44, 50, 58, 69, 73, 90, 103, 153, 176, 190

butchers, 24, 29, 37, 41, 42, 65, 71, 73, 82, 85, 90, 103–4, 108, 110, 120, 121–2, 133, 134

cappers, 42, 116, 132

carpenters, 91, 103, 159

chandlers, 65, 81

cooks, 37, 41, 42

coppersmiths, 70

corsers, 40

drapers, 70

dyers, 42

fishmongers, xxxii, 74

fletchers, 116

founders, 44, 70, 83

fullers, 23

gardeners, 23, 40

girdlers, 70, 112

glaziers, 132

glovers, 36, 109, 152

goldsmiths, 55, 67, 99, 181, 195 n.105

gongfarmers, 196, 197

gravediggers, 186–7

grey tawyers, 103

grocers, 59–60

haberdashers, 109

innkeepers, 21, 35, 176–7, 196

labourers, xix, xxi, xxv, 5, 27, 35, 40–1, 111, 203

mariners, 40, 73–4, 133, 190–1

mercers, 71, 74, 87, 159

midwives, 117, 119, 120

minstrels, 40, 58, 70

notaries public, 58

parish clerks, 122

pastelers, 82

pewterers, 29

pinners, 13, 69

porters, 29–30, 35

poulterers, 103

scriveners, 23, 132

shearmen, 42, 69

shoemakers, 195 n. 105

skinners, 108, 125

smiths, 134

tailors, 62, 69, 90, 107, 109, 132, 183

tallow chandlers, 85

watermen, 144, 184

weavers, 37, 42, 157

wheelwrights, 177

pastureland, 1, 17, 19, 20, 41, 85

Paris, xviii, xxv

parish, burial in, 76, 81

churchwardens, 156, 157, 210

community of, xxxii–iii, 49, 57, 114–5, 157, 205

overlap with wards, 146

property ownership by, 5, 23

tithes, 13–14, 80, 81–2, 97

poor laws, 207–8

poor people see also begging, poverty, vagrancy

housing of, xxxvi, 16, 26–7, 30, 34, 44, 45, 109, 121, 133

instability in the lives of, 136

reputations of, 173, 178, 184–8

as witnesses in court, 98–9, 106, 111, 144–5, 184–5, 186–7, 205

poverty, xxi, 14, 19, 203

and mobility, 93–5, 106, 111–4, 124–5, 187, 207 see also vagrancy

prisons, 77, 80, 81

property records, xxxv–vi, 2–6, 10–3, 31–2, 166–7

prostitutes and prostitution, xvi, xviii, xxiii, 17, 19, 29, 30–1, 94, 113, 117–8, 125, 131, 144, 149–50, 186, 188–9, 191–2, 202, 204

public executions, xvii, 17

public health, xvi, 22

punishment, xxxi, 115–9, 138, 139–40, 147, 158, 159, 171, 181, 185

rebellions

Jack Cade (1450), 16

Rising of 1381, 16

Warwick (1470–71), 16

reformation, 206

rents, coSt of, 31–5

reputation, 93, 108, 112, 117–9, 122–6, 135–6, 137, 141, 147–8, 162–3, 171, 172–3, 175–88, 195

rehabilitation of, 171, 176–7, 178–9, 181, 184, 185, 186, 198–9, 202, 203, 205

religious houses (see also London, religious houses, hospitals and institutions), xxvii–viii, 27–31

development of, 28–9, 197, 198–9

dissolution of, 45, 206–7, 209

as landlords, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27–8, 43, 45, 131, 166–8

legal privileges of, 39, 163–6, 191–9

and prostitution, 30–1

provisioning of, 29

relationship with the laity, 29–30, 45, 66, 75, 107, 163–8

use of space by the laity in, 120, 135, 190, 191–8

rivers, 17–9

Lea, 19, 20, 84

Rhine, 125

Roding, 85

Thames, xxvii, 18, 74, 85, 168

roads (see also London places and streets), 20–21, 86

Roke, John, 24, 41

same-sex relationships, 37

sanctuary, concept of, xxvi, 189

dwellers in, 196, 197

seekers of, 121–2

scolding, 138, 141, 145, 148, 172, 180, 184

servants, 22, 35, 36, 37, 96, 100, 105, 106, 109–11, 114, 124, 160, 166, 192, 194, 196

sexual activity, control of, see behaviour, regulation of

social capital, xix–xx, 47, 50, 74, 109, 137, 152–7, 158, 160, 172, 173–4, 180–1, 182, 188, 198, 202–3, 205, 209

social marginality, concept of, xviii–xxiii, 137, 138, 168–9, 173–5, 176, 202–3

in urban society, xxxiv, xxxix, 48–9, 126, 135–6, 140, 144–6, 151, 157, 164, 171, 172, 173, 180, 181, 188, 198–9, 201, 209–10

social network analysis, xx, 47–9, 51–92

spatial turn, xvi, xvii–iii, xxvi, 189

Staffordshire, 103

Stanbridge, Bedfordshire, 50, 84

statute of additions (1431), 39

Stow, John, 24

suburbs, see extramural neighbourhoods

St Hilary, Cornwall, 50

sureties, 185–6, 198

Surrey, 87

Surrey buildings and structures

clink (prison), Southwark, 113

stews (brothels), Southwark, 113, 190

Surrey parishes

St Olave Southwark, 120

Surrey places

Bermondsey, 104, 121

Rotherhithe, 133, 191

Southwark, xxvii, 22, 23, 30, 96, 113, 123–4, 133

Sussex, 104

taxation, xxviii, xxx, 7–10, 16, 38

tentergrounds, 18, 19

urban decline, xxix–xxx

urban society, communities in, xxxii–iii

economic organisation of, 40–1

government of, 34

hierarchy in, xvi, xix–xx, xxxiii, 207

ideal household in, 36, 37, 93–4, 96, 191, 210

jurisdiction in, 138, 174–5

networks in, 47–51

vagrancy, xxi, 17, 94–5, 100, 111–4, 123, 136, 139, 203, 207–8

Venice, 30

Waldron, John, 106, 123

waste disposal, 17, 18–9

wealth, xxi, 53, 80–1, 87, 93–4, 126, 203, 207

relative levels across London, 8–16, 43, 201–2

wills, xxxiv–v, 5–6, 13–6, 36–7, 47, 51, 53–5, 57–92, 109–10, 111, 140

Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 100

women, economic position of, xxi–xx, 32, 34–5, 202

and governance, 148–9, 158–9, 169, 179–81, 204–5

housing of, 32–5, 204

and pregnancy, 124, 160, 192–4, 197

sexual reputations of, 94, 116–8, 131, 149, 163, 181, 183

single women, 22, 32, 37, 148, 210

widows, xvi, 22, 23, 32–5, 36, 50, 62, 65, 80, 81, 82–3, 91, 106, 107–8, 123, 191, 204

wives, xvi, 36, 37, 62, 103, 110, 114–5, 148, 177–80, 191

Worcestershire, 103

Yorkshire, 101, 105

Yorkshire places

Kingston upon Hull, 2

York, 34