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A Matter of Trust: A Matter of Trust

A Matter of Trust
A Matter of Trust

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Notes

table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Dedication
  4. Copyright
  5. Contents
  6. Acknowledgements
  7. About the authors
  8. Introduction
    1. Background
  9. 1. Records as evidence for measuring sustainable development in Africa
    1. Breakdown of records systems in Africa
    2. Records management, structural adjustment, public sector reform and computerisation
    3. Consequences for Africa of losing control of records
    4. Open data and records management
    5. Conclusion
  10. 2. The state of data and statistics in sub-Saharan Africa in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals
    1. Defining the terms statistics and data
    2. Census data
    3. Statistical activities in Africa
    4. SWOT analysis
    5. Overcoming the challenges
    6. Conclusion
  11. 3. Data, information and records: exploring definitions and relationships
  12. 4. The potential – constructive and destructive – of information technology for records management: case studies from India
    1. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
    2. Aadhaar
      1. Leaks and the system’s vulnerability to penetration
      2. Coercive action by a government in a hurry
      3. ‘Inhuman and illegal’: malfunctions and denials of services cause hardships
      4. Curbing – and enabling – corruption
  13. 5. Statistical accuracy and reliable records: a case study of mortality statistics in The Gambia
    1. Background
    2. Mortality rates in The Gambia
      1. How are mortality rates calculated?
    3. Challenges for collecting reliable birth and death statistics in The Gambia
      1. How are deaths recorded?
      2. How are death rates estimated?
      3. The reliability of birth dates
    4. Efforts to strengthen official statistics in The Gambia
      1. The Gambia Bureau of Statistics
      2. The significance of records for mortality statistics and the contribution of the National Records Service
    5. The benefits of shared responsibility for the quality of statistics
    6. Summary and conclusion
  14. 6. Mainstreaming records and data management in sustainable development: lessons from the public and private sectors in Kenya
    1. The public sector experience in Kenya
    2. Mobile banking in Kenya
      1. Relationship to the SDGs
      2. How do data and records management support mobile banking?
    3. Building bridges between the sectors
    4. Conclusion
  15. 7. Open data and records management – activating public engagement to improve information: case studies from Sierra Leone and Cambodia
    1. Sierra Leone
      1. Open data in support of free and fair elections
      2. The potential records management contribution
    2. Lower Mekong, Cambodia: land investment mapping
      1. The open data initiative
      2. The potential for a records management contribution
    3. Key issues from the two case studies
    4. Conclusion
  16. 8. Assuring authenticity in public sector data: a case study of the Kenya Open Data Initiative
    1. Data authenticity
    2. The Kenya Open Data Initiative
    3. Land data
      1. Land information management
      2. Examining the land dataset
    4. Conclusion
  17. 9. Preserving the digital evidence base for measuring the Sustainable Development Goals
    1. Elements of a digital preservation capability
    2. Implementation options
      1. Doing nothing
      2. Using open source software
      3. Developing a bespoke solution
      4. Procuring a commercial solution
      5. Outsourcing the service
      6. Partnership approaches
      7. Hybrid approaches
      8. Using consultancy services
    3. Implementation and operational implications
      1. Implementing a digital preservation service
      2. Governance
      3. Roles and responsibilities
    4. Training
    5. Policies and procedures
    6. Conclusion
  18. 10. Preserving and using digitally encoded information as a foundation for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals
    1. Requirements for SDG data to be fit for purpose
      1. Authenticity
      2. Longitudinal studies
      3. Combining data
      4. Errors
    2. Collecting and preserving data for SDGs
      1. Semantic issues
      2. Proportions
      3. Unclear metrics
      4. Rates
      5. Number of countries
      6. Money
      7. Prevalence
      8. Structural issues
      9. Virtual data
      10. Input data
    3. Digital preservation and exploiting digital data
      1. Basic concepts in digital preservation
      2. Types of digitally encoded information
      3. Digital preservation
      4. Active data management plans
    4. Is it really being preserved? The importance of certification
    5. Getting to where we need to be
    6. Conclusion
  19. 11. Transparency in the 21st century: the role of records in achieving public access to information, protecting fundamental freedoms and monitoring sustainable development
    1. Current transparency initiatives are undermined by weak records and information management
    2. Weakness in records and information management is a widespread and persistent problem
    3. New digital forms of communication and conducting government business have exacerbated earlier weaknesses in records and information management
    4. Weak control of digital records and information weakens transparency and public accountability mechanisms
    5. Persistent cultures of secrecy lead to oral government and avoidance of record-making and keeping
    6. Good data are needed on records and information management implementation in support of transparency
      1. Policy
      2. Standards
      3. Roles and responsibilities
      4. Systems and practices
      5. Capacity
      6. Policy
      7. Standards
      8. Roles and responsibilities
      9. Systems and practices
      10. Capacity
    7. Steps that can be taken to strengthen records and information management
      1. Strengthen laws and policies governing digital records management
      2. Introduce independent records and information management oversight
      3. Align incentives of public officials with RIM principles and transparency policies and laws
      4. Encourage collaboration
    8. Conclusion
  20. 12. Information management for international development: roles, responsibilities and competencies
    1. Quality information for international development
    2. Key players in records management, their roles and responsibilities
      1. Group 1: professionals with the necessary technical skills and qualifications (such as records, IT) to ensure information quality
      2. Group 2: managers (senior, programme, functional) who enable or facilitate the work of the professionals
      3. Group 3: all other stakeholders and users of the information, inside and outside the organisation
    3. Capacity for managing records
    4. Capacity Level 1
      1. (Poor quality records undermine SDG implementation)
      2. Group 1: professionals
      3. Group 2: managers
      4. Group 3: other stakeholders and users
    5. Capacity Level 2
      1. (Records enable SDG implementation at a basic level)
      2. Group 1: professionals
      3. Group 2: managers
      4. Group 3: other stakeholders and users
    6. Capacity Level 3
      1. (The quality of records makes it possible to measure SDGs effectively and supports government programme activities)
      2. Group 1: professionals
      3. Group 2: managers
      4. Group 3: other stakeholders and users
    7. Capacity Level 4
      1. (Well-managed records make it possible to measure SDG implementation effectively and consistently through time; data and statistics are of high enough quality and integrity to support government programme activities at the strategic level)
      2. Group 1: professionals
      3. Group 2: managers
      4. Group 3: other stakeholders and users
    8. Capacity Level 5
      1. (Processes generating records, and the framework for managing them, are designed to make it possible to exploit data, statistics and records, including the information used for measuring SDGs, in new and innovative ways)
      2. Group 1: professionals
      3. Group 2: managers
      4. Group 3: other stakeholders and users
    9. Determining and achieving the desired capacity level
      1. Employ staff with formal qualifications
      2. Train existing staff
      3. Contract expert staff short term as change makers
      4. Use standards to guide practice and inform staff recruitment
      5. Benchmark staff skills and knowledge against competency standards
    10. Conclusion
  21. 13. The quality of data, statistics and records used to measure progress towards achieving the SDGs: a fictional situation analysis
    1. Background
    2. Organisation of the report
    3. Methodology
    4. Definitions
    5. Analysis
    6. The government of Patria and the SDGs
    7. Data collection and analysis at the ministry level
      1. Survey data
      2. Registration and administrative data
      3. Scientific data
    8. Data and records issues at the ministry level7
    9. Data and records issues at the NBS
    10. Implications of the failure to establish a management framework
    11. Strategies for sustainable solutions
    12. Laws and policies
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    13. Standards and practices
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    14. Systems and technologies
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    15. People
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    16. Management and governance
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    17. Awareness
      1. Issues
      2. Strategies
    18. Implementing the strategies
    19. Capacity levels to guide the way forward
      1. Level 1: poor-quality data, statistics and records undermine SDG implementation
      2. Level 2: data, statistics and records enable basic SDG measurement
      3. Level 3: the quality of data, statistics and records makes it possible to measure SDGs effectively and supports government programme activities
      4. Level 4: well-managed data, statistics and records make it possible to measure SDG implementation effectively and consistently through time; data and statistics are of high enough quality and integrity to support government programme activities at the strategic level
      5. Level 5: processes generating data, statistics and records, and the framework for managing them, are designed to make it possible to exploit data, statistics and records, including those measuring SDGs, in new and innovative ways
    20. First steps
      1. Identify a leader and assemble a team
      2. Identify processes as examples
      3. Describe the selected processes
      4. Identify issues and implications
      5. Develop strategies for resolving issues
      6. Apply the experience to other processes and to the framework for managing data/statistics/records
  22. Index

Index

Aadhaar initiative, 4
Addis Ababa Plan of Action for Statistical Development in Africa, 40
ADPNet, 146
Africa Freedom of Information Centre, 180
African Census Programme, 24
African Conference on Archival Policies and Programmes in Africa (1994), 11
African Development Bank, 46
African Union (AU), 43
AIP, 165, 170
Airtel, 71
Akotia, Pino, vii, 15, 177
Alianza Regional por la Libre Expresión e Información, 176
Ambira, Cleophas, 4, 97
Archivematica, 143
ArchivesDirect, 145
ARMA International, 196, 197, 202, 204, 208, 209
artificial intelligence, 53, 65
Australia, 98, 207, 209
Society of Archivists and the Records Management Association, 209
Automated Teller Machine (ATM), 101
Banjul, 86–8
BBC, 14
Bearman, David, 56
Bell, Alan, 56
big data, 29, 40, 53
birth and death statistics, 17, 28, 30, 63, 73, 83, 87–9, 93, 95
BitCurator, 143
Botswana, 13, 25, 30, 179, 207
Brazil, 176
Bretton Woods, 10
British Columbia, 180, 181, 187
Information and Privacy Commissioner, 180
Brown, Adrian, 5, 17, 56, 135, 141, 147
Cain, Piers, 52, 54
Cambodia, 4, 110, 114–19
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), 116, 118
Open Development Cambodia (ODC), 114
Canada, 14, 98, 173, 180, 181, 209
census data, 23, 24, 27, 43, 88, 116, 118, 216, 226
Centre for Law and Democracy, 182
certification, 17, 73, 167
Chandigarh, 70
characterisation tools, 143
Chung, Pyrou, 4, 109
coders, 51
Comma Separated Value (CSV), 130, 131, 135, 156
Commercial Bank of Africa, 102
computerisation, 10, 12, 13, 126
corruption, 13
Cukier, Kenneth, 53
cultures of secrecy, 174, 180, 181, 187
data authenticity, 122
datafication, 53, 54
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 22, 27, 32
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 29–39, 43, 48
Devarajan, Shantayanan, 29, 46
digital preservation, 5, 43, 127, 135–50, 156, 163, 164, 165, 199, 200, 224, 227, 230, 231, 236
Digital Preservation Coalition, 136, 148, 150
digitisation, 15, 29, 54, 107, 126, 136, 182
Domesday Book, 60
Dreze, Jean, 74, 75, 78–80
DROID, 143
DSpace, 143
DuraCloud, 145
E-ARK, 142
Economic Commission for Africa, 24, 40, 46, 87
ECOWAS, 87
elections, 110–14, 118–20
EPrints, 143
Fedora, 143
Five Star Open Data Scheme, 204
forensic tools, 143
freedom of information laws, 121
Gambia
Bureau of Statistics (GBS), 83
DHIS2 information system, 87
integrated financial management information system (IFMIS), 93
Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, 93
Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 86–8
National Development Plan, 89
National Records Service, 83, 92
gender equality, 160, 183, 235, 237, 238
Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles (GARP), 196
Ghana, 11, 12, 15, 25, 33, 124, 177, 178
Giaretta, David, 5, 135, 153
Global Indicator Framework for the Sustainable Development Goals, 160
Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data, 2, 195
Google, 70
Griffin, Andrew, 4, 53, 83
gross domestic product, 159
hashes, 155
Heritrix, 143
HIV/AIDS, 41, 44, 47
IndexMundi, 84, 85
India, 4, 67–80, 176, 178
Congress Party, 68
cow protection, 81
Editors’ Guild, 72
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 4, 67, 68
National Social Assistance Programme, 74
New Delhi, 68, 69, 72, 74, 80
Supreme Court, 73, 74, 78, 81
Unique Identification project, 74
United Progressive Alliance, 68
Information Governance Maturity Model, 196–8, 200, 202, 204
information technology, 11, 67, 192, 193, 205, 207, 210, 238
input data, 119
Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 195
Inter Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators, 1
International Council on Archives (ICA), 8, 10, 13, 16, 123, 150, 182, 208, 209, 214, 216
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 10
International Records Management Trust, 7, 12, 13, 16, 52, 126, 128, 134, 150, 177, 208
International Research on Permanent Authentic Records in Electronic Systems (InterPARES), 16
International Standards Organization (ISO), 166
Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), 145
Jerven, Morton, 1, 20, 21, 29, 46, 220
Jharkhand state, 71, 75, 76
JHOVE, 143
Jordan, 176, 177, 181
Kandala, Ngianga-Bakwin, v, xi, 4, 19
Kanpur, 71
Karnataka, 76, 77, 79
Kazakhstan, 175
Kenya
Bankers Association, 101, 102
Bureau of Standards, 107
Central Bank, 100–4
Communication Authority, 100, 103
Evidence Act, 104, 105
Groundwater Mapping Programme, 125
Integrated Records Management System (IRMS), 128
Mau Mau, 8
Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning, 126, 127, 131, 132
Moi University, 207
Nairobi, 100, 102, 104, 124, 126, 127
National Archives and Documentation Service, 98, 107, 127
National Bureau of Statistics, 102, 103, 129–31
Open Data Initiative (KODI), 121–5, 128–33
Open Government Partnership National Action Plan, 128
Registered Land Act (1989), 126
Registration Act (2012), 126
Registration of Titles Act (1982), 126
Keorapetse, Dithapelo Lefoko, 13
Khmer language, 117
Kibaki, Mwai, 123
Komba, Paul, 4, 19
labour force data, 235, 236, 238
Lamin, Tamba, 4, 109, 112
Lao PDR, 115
Lemieux, Victoria, xii, 5, 16, 173, 175–8
leprosy, 77
LOCKSS, 143, 146
Lowry, James, 4, 17, 49, 121–3, 126
Mahihu, Christine, 128
Malawi, 14, 25, 34, 178, 180
Management System Standards (MSS), 201
Manor, James, 4, 67–9, 75, 77, 80, 81
Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, 53
Mazikana, Peter, 11
McDonald, John, 5, 14, 135, 138, 195, 196, 205, 206, 210, 211
McLeod, Julie, 135, 138, 189, 191
Mekong Region, 114–17
metadata, 122
Mexico, 176
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 24, 211
MIT Digital Preservation Management Tutorial, 150
Mo Ibrahim Foundation, 27
mobile banking, 4, 100–5
Modi, Narenda, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81
Monash, 207
mortality data, 4, 83–9, 93–5
Mozambique, 26, 36, 40
M-Shwari, 102
Multiple Indicators Clusters Surveys (MICS), 29
Mutuku, Leonida, 128
Myanmar, 77, 115
Namibia, 25, 36, 40
National Digital Stewardship Alliance, 142, 150
National Statistics Institutes, 44
NHS Digital, 209
Nigeria, 11, 25, 28, 36, 42, 45, 113, 124
Nilekani, Nandan, 75, 79
Northumbria University, 207
OAIS Reference Model, 136, 156, 165
Odisha, 75, 76
Open Archival Information System (OAIS), 17
open data initiatives, 109, 110, 111, 118, 120, 123, 174, 175, 178
Open Government Partnership Summit (2016), 188
open source software, 143
Organisation of African Unity (OAU), 43
Preservica, 145
Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), 165
Public Record Office, 61 (see also UK National Archives)
Rajasthan, 75
Ramanathan, Usha, 74
random error, 159, 160
recordness, 56
RODA, 143
Rosetta, 144
Safaricom mobile network, 100, 102, 103
scientific data, 5, 153, 156, 159, 220, 222
Searle, John, 50
Serbia, 175
Shepherd, Elizabeth, 5, 135, 138, 189, 192
Sierra Leone, 4, 13, 14, 37, 110–12, 114, 117–19, 175, 178
Democracy and Development Associates (DADA-SL), 111
Federation of Civil Society and Media Organisations (NaFCSMO-SL), 111
National Elections Watch, 110
National Electoral Commission (NEC), 110
Open Data Council, 110
Open Elections Data Portal (SLOEDP), 111–14
Open Government Initiative (OGI), 111
Right to Access Information Commission (RAIC), 110
TpISENT (SL) Limited, 111
Women’s Situation Room, 111
smart phones, 101
South Africa, 25–8, 37, 40, 43, 44, 175, 176, 178, 179, 181
Promotion of Access to Information Act (2000), 175
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) model, 21, 40–2
structural adjustment programmes, 29
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 1–5, 7, 17, 18–21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 42, 48–51, 55, 59, 64, 66, 83, 89, 90, 95, 97, 99–102, 106, 108, 109, 121, 122, 133, 135, 139, 141, 146, 147, 150, 153–7, 159, 160, 163, 167, 170–2, 176, 182, 183, 188, 189, 196–8, 200, 204–6, 210–12, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222–9, 231–8, 240, 1
Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2
Thailand, 115, 176, 177, 181
Thomson Reuters Foundation, 125
Thurston, Anne, 4, 7, 19, 21, 52, 54, 126, 173, 178
Townsend, Katherine, 4, 109
United Kingdom, 176
Cabinet Office, 175
Data Archive (UKDA), 145
High Court, 8
National Archives, ix (see also Public Record Office)
Open Data programme, 175
United Nations, 1, 7, 20, 24, 40, 85, 86, 87, 97, 154, 171, 172, 189, 195, 208, 211, 213, 241
Population Fund, 24
Statistical Commission, 1
UNESCO, 8
United States, 88, 98, 176, 186
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Faculty of Technology and Informatics, 207
University of Botswana, 13
unstructured supplementary service data (USSD), 101
Uttar Pradesh, 73, 78
Vietnam, 115
virtual data, 162
Vision 2030, 27, 127
Wamukoya, Justus, 4, 97, 126, 127, 179
web archiving tools, 143
West African Health Organisation (WAHO), 87
WhatsApp, 110–14
Wikipedia, 85, 215
World Bank, 5, 10, 13, 16, 20, 30, 44, 46, 79, 83–7, 173, 175–8, 187
Open Data Readiness Assessments, 175
Right to Information Drivers of Effectiveness (RIDE), 177
World Health Organization, 85, 93
World Wide Web Foundation Open Data Barometer (ODB), 123
Yeo, Geoffrey, 4, 49, 51, 55, 59, 66
Zambia, 10, 25, 39
Zimbabwe, 11, 39

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