Index
absenteeism, 12–13, 25, 34, 36–7, 50–1, 54, 70, 100–2, 130, 147–8, 171, 184, 192, 194, 198, 201, 228–9, 235, 243, 248–9, 254, 258, 296
differences with West India sojourning, 148
rates of absenteeism, 171, 201, 235, 243
Alston, David, historian, 249–50
Atlantic slavery economy, 78, 209, 249, 277, 299–301
complicity of Scottish society, 77, 249, 277, 299
Atlantic commerce, 4, 16, 19, 21, 23, 31–2, 47, 64, 87, 131–2, 194, 197, 252–3, 256, 278, 295
American Revolution (1776), 10–11, 14, 34, 61, 78, 94, 162, 169, 181, 294
American War of Independence (1775–83), 6, 11, 17, 23, 30, 33, 36, 54, 57, 90, 137, 153, 186, 263, 280–1, 293
banking and banks (Scotland), 50, 57, 72, 78–87, 93, 138, 167, 175, 218, 253, 271–2, 280, 295
Bank of Scotland, 82, 175, 253, 272
importance to West India commerce, 175, 295
Kilmarnock Banking Company, 175
provincial banks Glasgow, 50, 72, 79–81, 175, 274
Royal Bank, 57, 65–6, 78–87, 138, 167, 175, 218, 253, 272, 280, 295
bankruptcy, 36, 58, 65, 97, 101–2, 104, 107–8, 111, 183–4, 187, 195, 197, 220, 253, 256, 261, 263–4
Burnard, Trevor, historian, 5, 11–12, 141, 148–9, 153, 162
Burns, Robert, poet, 147–8, 211
Buchanan, James (1785–1857), colonial sojourner, 130, 200, 202–8, 255
Capitalism and Slavery (1944), academic text, 5, 20, 249, 302
capital, 3, 6, 10–11, 14–19, 24–5, 61, 67–70, 73–4, 85–6, 88, 90–3, 100–2, 105, 107, 109–17, 123, 128, 143, 149–50, 154, 157, 159, 164–5, 167–78, 180–1, 198–203, 218, 221–2, 233–6, 238, 241–52, 254–92, 293–302
sojourning capital (colonial), 123, 157, 164–5, 167–78, 180–1, 198–203, 233–6, 238, 241–52, 296–7
merchant capital, 3, 14, 18–19, 24–5, 74, 109–15, 249, 254–92, 293–302
sources of (personal), 3, 6, 41, 67–70, 73, 88, 90–3, 105, 218, 221–2, 241
charity and philanthropy, 15, 51, 63, 125, 177–180, 203–8, 236, 245, 254, 283–90, 292–3, 295–6, 301
Buchanan’s Mortification (James Buchanan, 1785–1857), 203–8
Ewing bequests (James Ewing), 48, 206, 284–8
Churches, 40–1, 46–8, 124, 148, 154, 156, 160, 172, 181, 186, 188, 285–6
Catholic Church, 214
Church of Scotland, 40, 47, 124, 285–6
Free Church of Scotland, 48, 284–6
Scots Kirks in the West Indies, 48, 148, 154, 156, 160, 172, 181, 188
Cooke, Anthony, historian, 24, 27, 53, 262, 264, 275–6, 282
cotton, 1, 7, 13, 17, 19–20, 23–4, 27, 29, 32–4, 52–3, 59, 70, 79–80, 84, 89, 94–6, 99, 105, 112, 117, 137, 150, 172, 187, 189, 191–2, 194–8, 209, 215, 258, 272, 274–81, 291, 294–5, 300, 302
cotton masters, 29, 52–3, 95, 258, 285–6
capital stock (firms), 27, 95–6
importance to Scottish Industrial Revolution, 33, 96, 117, 189, 198, 274–7, 294, 300, 302
imports and exports, 32–3, 94, 192, 195, 280, 294
working population (Scotland), 277, 300
credit, 9, 26, 59–61, 65–82, 82–7, 104, 106–8, 112, 115–17, 158, 163, 183, 186, 192, 194–8, 219, 240, 263, 271–4, 277, 279, 281, 291, 293, 295–7
‘decline’ of slavery-era West India economy, 6, 11–13, 95, 149, 163, 167, 169, 171, 180–1, 213, 299
Devine, T.M., historian, 19–20, 23–4, 27, 36, 51, 58, 67, 123, 243, 264, 267, 275, 282, 298
Draper, Nicholas, historian, 12–14, 25, 87, 187, 235, 259, 297
East Indies, 19, 24, 77, 99, 123, 238, 242, 261, 302
Edinburgh, 1, 50, 52, 77–8, 80–4, 88, 140, 148, 156, 161, 175, 202, 272, 280
education, 14, 26, 29, 41–43, 49, 62–4, 88, 91, 120, 124, 130–3, 145, 150, 159, 161, 178–80, 205–8, 229, 232, 251, 263, 276, 283, 286–8, 296
specialist texts for merchants, 63–4
University, 42–3, 62, 91, 229, 232
‘enclave economy’ theory, as applied to Scotland, 19
estates (landed), Scotland, 74–8, 263–71, 243–5
estates (plantations), West Indies, 10, 36–7, 45, 59, 79, 100–3, 105, 108, 120, 126, 147, 151, 155, 158–60, 164, 185, 189, 193, 197, 200, 215, 218, 220, 222–6, 237
Ewing, James (1775–1853), West India merchant, 36, 38–9, 43–4, 48, 51–3, 112, 152, 205–6, 254–5, 258–9, 262, 271–2, 284–8, 301, 307
Fedon’s Rebellion, Grenada, (1795–1796), 96, 184, 187, 190, 197, 209
Glasgow West India Association, 1, 26, 34, 36–8, 46, 48–50, 53, 57, 59, 61, 66, 80, 86, 97, 113, 119, 219, 303
Glasgow, 1, 22–4, 29, 30–4, 38–48, 49–53, 61, 75–80, 82–7, 109–115, 132–6, 218–20, 253–92, 293–300
economy, 22–4, 30–4, 61, 75–80, 82–7, 109–15, 132–6, 293–300
population, 38
Greenock, 22, 30, 32, 119, 136–9, 143–4, 246, 280
Hamilton, Douglas, historian, 20, 58–9, 141, 143, 150, 183–5, 208, 245
Highlands, Scotland, 38, 119–121, 126–7, 142–4, 156, 158, 170, 176, 199, 208, 214, 220–1, 228–9, 234, 240–1, 244, 246–51, 254, 287, 299
Home, Ninian (1732–95), colonial governor and planter, 190–2
industry, and industrial transformation, 1–2, 4–5, 7, 10, 12–14, 16–18, 18–26, 30, 33–4, 38, 95–6
English, 4–5, 7, 10, 12–14, 16–18, 96
Scottish, 18–26, 30, 33–4, 38, 95–6, 111, 115, 128, 169, 177, 189, 243, 248, 274–9, 291–2, 293–5, 297–8, 299–302
Glasgow Atlantic world labour market, 132–6
inventories (confirmation, probate and sequestration), 11, 27, 35, 65, 72–3, 80, 85, 90, 92, 109–11, 113–14, 120, 155–8, 160, 162, 167, 168–72, 174, 185, 198–201, 233–35, 237, 239–52, 255–90, 303–12
Jones, Maria, enslaved woman in Trinidad, 226
Kingston, Jamaica, 48, 66, 94, 97, 119–20, 127, 147–8, 150–2, 154, 156–8, 160–1, 166–7, 169, 172–6, 180, 204, 245
Karras, Allan, historian, 27, 123, 139–41, 149–50, 163
Lamont, John, Trinidad planter, 37, 220–9, 232–3, 235–41, 250, 298
linen, 19, 112, 236, 272, 274–5, 277–9, 294
Liverpool, 15–17, 32, 53, 57, 66, 95, 139, 173–4, 193, 259–60, 291, 293, 297, 299
Livingstone, David, missionary explorer, 300
London 1, 7–8, 12, 14–15, 19, 32, 34, 50, 53, 55, 59, 62, 65–7, 71, 77, 79–80, 82–5, 87–8, 101, 103–5, 115–16, 138, 150, 173–4, 183, 187, 191, 193–4, 238, 248, 254, 259, 263, 297, 299, 302
Macinnes, Allan, historian, 18, 150, 248
Mackillop, Andrew, historian, 18, 123, 242
marriage and marital networks 26, 38–9, 41, 44–7, 49, 54, 67–70, 77, 88, 221, 265, 290
Merchants House (Glasgow) 35, 43–4, 50–1, 53, 112, 203, 205–8, 255, 284–6
merchant firms (Glasgow), 24, 35, 37, 46, 59–62, 67, 72–3, 79–80, 87, 89–109, 132, 152, 187, 192–8, 261–3, 266
capital stock of Virginia and West India firms, 67
family firms, 41, 61–2, 68, 73, 85, 88, 90–3, 159
Jas. & Arch. Smith & Co., West India firm, 103–9
John Campbell senior & Co., West India firm, 29, 37, 46, 61–2, 67, 70–1, 79–80, 84, 96, 109, 119, 132, 137, 187, 191–2, 192–8, 200, 202–3, 261, 280
Leitch & Smith, West India firm, 90–101, 187
migration, 38, 87, 120–2, 124–8, 130, 138–9, 141–4, 189, 212, 221, 246–8, 251, 296
differences in patterns of migration to North America and West Indies, 123–4, 141, 143, 296
effects on local economies, 128, 251
migrants from the Clyde to West Indies 1806–34 (estimates), 141–2
migrants from Greenock to the West Indies 1774–5 (actual), 143–4, 246–8
migrants from Scotland to North America, (estimates), 141
migrants from Scotland to West Indies 1750–1834 (estimates), 141
Migrants from Great Britain to the West Indies 1841 (actual), 138–9,
Moncrieff, Robert Scott, agent for Glasgow agency of Royal Bank, 83–5, 138, 218
Pares, Richard, historian, 9–10, 13, 104, 115–16, 271
philanthropy, see charity and philanthropy
population, 2, 14–16, 21, 38, 127–8, 141, 144, 150, 153, 188–9, 213, 217–18, 246–7, 250
enslaved people in the British West Indies, 2, 150, 188, 215, 217, 228
estimates of Scots in West India islands, 152–3, 188, 217
mortality rates of Scots in the West Indies, 127–8
Scotland, 21, 25, 142, 246–7, 250
Trinidad, 213, 215, 217–18, 228
Port of Spain, Trinidad, 211, 218–19
Port Glasgow, 22, 30, 32, 87, 113, 136–9, 195, 216, 221, 236, 246
railways, 13, 24, 115, 117, 173, 177, 204, 206, 279–83, 294
religion, 44, 47, 54, 186, 207, 214–15
Catholicism, 186, 213–14, 219, 225
Scottish Presbyterianism, 44, 47, 54, 148, 154, 188, 198, 214, 297
St George’s, Grenada, 94, 98–9, 187–8, 200
Sheridan, Richard, historian, 10–11, 96, 116, 123, 156, 162–3
Scottish
‘Agricultural Revolution’ 21, 245, 263–71
‘Commercial Revolution’ 21
‘Industrial Revolution’ 21–2, 30, 33, 96, 189, 194, 198, 274–9, 291, 293–4, 297, 302
slavery, 1–2, 4–7, 179, 202–3, 223–7
emancipation and compensation 1834, 25
contribution to English Industrial Revolution, 2, 4–7, 12–14
contribution to Scottish Industrial Revolution, 18–22, 24, 293–302
mortality rates in West Indies, 225–6
pro-slavery bodies and arguments, 1, 29, 50, 53, 119, 184, 211, 299
Smith, Adam (1723–1790), economist and philosopher, 9–10, 74, 95, 115–16
Smith, Archibald (1749–1821), West India merchant, 41, 51, 53, 61, 82–7, 89–117, 180, 200, 235, 266, 269, 275, 277, 279, 311
sojourning, 2, 13, 20, 24–5, 27, 64, 67, 70, 75, 88, 91, 123–4, 128, 143, 148–9, 159, 167–77, 181, 183, 198–203, 229, 233–6, 241–52, 284, 296, 298–9
economic ‘success’ rates, 128, 243
repatriation of wealth from West Indies, 163–7, 236–41, 241–52
wealth levels of Scots in West Indies, 167–77, 198–203, 233–6, 244, 284
Scots law (Commissary and sheriff), 58–62, 70, 168, 181
shipping, 32–3, 132, 136–144, 246–7, 279–281
ships from the Clyde to West Indies (estimates), 140
newspaper adverts, and limitations of methodology, 138–9
Stirling, Robert McGregor (d.1832), colonial sojourner, 229–33
sugar, 2, 4, 7, 9–11, 15, 22, 30–4, 82–3, 100, 102, 138, 185, 189, 215, 223
surname analysis, as a means of identifying Scots in West Indies, 156–7, 163
tobacco, 2, 15, 17, 19–20, 22–3, 30, 32, 36, 54, 57, 59, 67, 80, 138, 293
Tobago, 37, 122, 127, 129, 140, 142, 185, 189, 214–6, 227, 252
universities, 9, 35, 41–3, 62–3, 77–8, 91, 114, 125, 132, 159, 206, 227, 229, 267, 284, 301
Anderson’s University (University of Strathclyde), 62–3, 114, 206
Old College (University of Glasgow), 35, 41–3, 62, 77–8, 91, 132, 159, 206–7, 229, 267, 284, 289, 301
Virginia merchants (‘tobacco lords’), Glasgow, 2, 20, 23, 36, 40, 43, 45–7, 49, 54, 59–60, 64, 69, 77–8, 111, 275, 281, 285, 292–3
Wallerstein, Immanuel, sociologist, 3, 18
Watt, James, merchant and inventor, 78
West India merchants, Glasgow, 2–3, 23–6, 29, 32, 38–41, 44, 54, 62–6, 83, 252, 274, 291, 293–4, 302
social rank and mobility, 29, 39–40, 44, 47, 169, 266–7
‘Sugar Aristocracy’, definition of and contemporary views, 2–3, 26, 29, 44, 54, 83, 252, 274, 291, 293–4, 302
wealth, extent of, investments and range, 255–61
Williams, Eric, historian, 5–13, 20–1, 24, 95, 169, 180, 214, 249, 299, 302
wills and testaments, 62, 68, 155, 157, 167–8, 177–9, 202, 236, 238, 242, 255, 283, 290