Index

abortion, 46, 92–3, 103, 105, 110

academic, 1, 3, 17, 38, 67, 84, 127, 132, 195, 210, 215–16

activism/activist, 8, 11, 21, 67, 73–5, 77, 81, 87, 92, 94, 97, 129, 131, 141, 143, 145, 150, 152–5, 159–62, 167–68, 174, 181, 183, 185, 189–94

affirmative action, 24, 123–4, 129, 132–3, 135–6, 214

Africa, 38, 51, 57, 115, 124–126, 129–31, 132, 166

Agricultural Parliamentary Front (FPA), 72

Alternative for Germany, 5

antagonism, 5, 25, 194

antagonistic division, 17

antagonistic understanding, 18

internal antagonistic frontier, 21

anthropology, 16, 20, 26, 48, 60, 62, 67, 130, 212

anti-egalitarianism, 8

anti-establishment, 2, 6

anti-feminism, 6

anti–Semitism, 6, 48

Arraes, Marília and Miguel, 40

Argentina, 107

arson, 211

article 68, 60–1

Attorney General’s Office (AGU), 58, 69, 201

authoritarianism, 3, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 41–2, 47, 51–2, 188

authoritarian government(s) and regime(s), 6–7, 38, 203–6

authoritarian roots, culture, and tradition, 1, 8, 10, 22, 37, 181, 201

autocracy, 40, 217

bancada, 103–104

Bannon, Steve, 10, 12, 87

BBB (caucus), 186

religious right, 186, 188

Belo Monte dam, 129, 210–211

Black movement (movimento negro), 74, 126–9, 133, 135–6, 194

Black Lives Matter (blm), 24, 204

Black peasant movements, 60

Vidas Negras Importam (VNI), 204

Bolsonaro, Jair, 1–16, 18–26, 57–9, 72–7, 91–3, 95–8, 103–4, 123–4, 152–4, 159, 168, 171, 182, 186–8, 190–2, 201–5, 210–11, 216–17

authoritarian personality, 77 (see also authoritarianism)

baptism in the river jordan, 111

Bolsominions, 5

Bolsonaro administration, 8, 153

Bolsonaro family, 7–8, 40, 58, 91, 96

Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB), 4, 40–1, 95

Brazilian Electoral Panel Studies (BEPS), 105

Brazilian Forum on Public Safety (FBSP), 42, 51

Brazilian Racial Project, 125, 130–1

Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), 4, 85–6, 93, 95, 134

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, 7, 61, 85, 92, 109, 112, 128, 135, 192

car wash (lava jato), 2, 9, 95, 98, 106, 170, 204

Catholicism, 5, 14, 20, 103–5

Catholic church, 14, 104, 108–9, 117, 162, 190

and community, 14

and conservatism, 82–3

Catholic left, 81–2

Catholic movement, 82

censorship, 6, 38, 154

self-censorship, 25, 141, 143

centrão, 7–8

chamber of deputies, 11

cities, small, 24–5, 141–7, 150, 152–4

citizenship, 5, 12, 22, 45, 52, 63

‘righteous’, ‘virtuous’, and ‘respectable’ citizens (cidadãos de bem), 13, 16, 20, 112

civil society organisations (CSOs), 160–2, 164, 167–9, 171, 174–5

climate change conference, 73

coalition, 7, 92, 189

collective mobilisation, 182–3, 185, 189–96

colonialism, 26, 40–1, 78, 125, 127, 210

commodities boom cycle, 142, 144, 148, 153, 184

communism, 9, 19, 20, 38, 69, 89, 92, 94, 112

anti-communism, 8, 9, 81–5, 92, 96, 204

complementary law 97/1999, 76

conflict, 3, 5, 49, 66, 76, 216, 217

land conflict, 77, 168, 212

over political power, 14

religious conflict, 14

rural conflict, 75

Congress, 4, 7, 42, 67–9, 76, 92, 97, 103, 105

Congressmen, 7, 11, 40–41

conservatism, 5, 7–14, 18, 22–3, 37, 50, 64, 68–9, 77, 81–4, 87, 91–3, 95–7, 183, 186, 194, 203, 205

conservative subjectivity, 1

conservative turn, 1, 123, 125, 135–6

conspiracy theories, 19–20, 111–12, 205

constitution, 6–7, 10, 23, 49, 52, 59–62, 69–71, 77–8, 88, 92, 168, 171–2, 212

corporatist politics, 185

corruption, 1, 2, 9, 18, 20, 42–3, 49, 85, 94, 106, 150, 170, 204–5

anti-corruption, 9, 94–5, 98, 204

scandals, 2, 17, 85, 93, 97, 184, 186, 188

see also mensalão

Covid–19 pandemic, 5, 19, 154, 174, 201–4, 216–17

Cuba 107, 126, 215

culture war, 9, 10, 14, 204

crime, 1, 41, 48, 68, 73, 75–6, 86, 92, 97, 104, 106, 151, 168, 184, 188, 202

crimes against women and femicide, 46–7, 49, 168

environmental crimes, 73, 76

international criminal court, 75

organised crime, 49,

see also hate speech

de Carvalho, Olavo, 10–1, 23, 87–90, 94, 98

mídia sem máscara, 87

democracy, 6, 9, 17, 18, 22, 25, 37, 41, 48, 52, 83, 98, 163, 182–3, 186–7, 191, 195, 196, 204, 209–10, 217

anti-democratic views, 13,

‘Corinthians democracy’, 181, 192,

‘democraship’, 38,

democratic practice and norms, 58, 194, 203

democratic political culture and structures, 2, 49

democratic rupture, 7, 67,

democratic institutions, 3–6, 19, 75

illiberal democracy, 16

liberal democracy, 7, 106

post-democracy/de-democratisation, 23, 57, 59, 67–8, 77, 205

re-democratisation, 5, 10, 12, 57, 59, 78, 87, 205

racial democracy, 24, 78, 124, 125–9, 131, 134, 135

democratas (DEM), 84, 86

Democratic Labour Party (PDT), 40, 184

dependency, 143, 153, 155, 166, 191, 213–14, 216

independence, 47, 89, 107–8, 125, 191

development

conflicting agendas for, 163, 169, 188

international funding for Brazilian, 160, 163–64, 171

Direct Action of Unconstitutionality (ADI 3239), 68–9

discrimination, 39, 45, 48–9, 51, 127, 130, 134, 194

anti-discrimination, 139, 195

racial discrimination, 124, 128, 130, 136, 193

disinformation, 3, 15, 19, 21

dissemination, 5, 23, 48, 85, 87

diversity, 3–4, 9, 12, 22–4, 48, 66–7, 214

cultural diversity, 23, 58–9

environmental and biodiversity, 23, 78, 173, 202

gender diversity, 193

in politics, 12

diversity policies, 66, 124

dystopia, 20, 50

education, 10, 14, 23, 42, 70–1, 72, 104, 118, 142, 144–5, 148, 201, 212–14

Black population, 129–30, 133

disadvantages due to educational level, 45, 47, 51, 130

indigenous education, 212–14

investment in education, 160, 163–64, 167, 173

ministry of education, 68, 74, 83, 106, 134

quilombola, 62–3, 65–8

unequal education, 22, 37, 39, 188

elections, 118, 167, 181

2014 presidential, 93, 95,

2018 presidential, 1–3, 12, 15, 17, 19–22, 26, 58, 69, 168, 182–4, 186, 189, 195

2020 presidential (US), 204

2022 presidential, 3, 26, 201, 203

electoral base, 3, 5, 92

municipal elections 2020, 4, 104, 205

entrepreneurialism

and Brazilian philanthropy, 161, 164–6, 171, 173

environment, 6, 65, 73, 75, 77–8, 86, 135, 145, 154, 167, 193, 201–2

environmental crimes, 73, 76

environmental issues, 72

socio–environmental, 23, 58

estado novo, 126, 205

evangelicals, 95, 112, 114, 196

and politics, 24, 103, 106, 118, 211

leaders, 98

and indigenous, 68, 209, 211

Missão Evangélica Caiuá, 216

organisations, 209, 215–16

evangelical churches, 106

voting patterns, 5, 103, 118

representation in congress, 103

ideological orientations, 103–5

local electoral coordination, 104

and drugs traffic, 105

and media, 14, 108

growth, 14–15, 107

agenda, 23

prophecies, 116–17

see also messianic congregation

fake news, 21, 106, 111

and kit gay, 19, 92, 106

fascism, 38, 211, 215, 217

post–fascism, 3, 6

federal constitution, 62, 76

Fifa world cup, 144–5, 188

finances, 47, 64, 71, 84, 107, 118, 161–2, 169–70, 172–4

financial crisis, 78

financial elite, 25, 159–61, 169, 171, 174

minister of finance, 85, 90

first republic, 40

freedom of speech, 13

Gambetti, Zeynep, 3, 7, 11

gender, 23, 38–9, 48, 50, 107, 111, 118, 148, 151, 153–5

equality, 188–9, 195

‘gender ideology’, 19, 95, 106, 204

heteronormative, 14

prejudice, 12

femicide (gender–based violence), 46, 49, 77, 168

genocide

black youth and black population, 39, 126

indigenous, 26, 75, 125, 202, 209, 211, 217

God, 8, 14, 38, 77, 82, 105, 107–8, 110, 112–13, 115

Goebbels, Joseph, 19, 74

gold prospecting, 201

Goulart, João, 83

Gramsci, Antonio, 10–1, 87–8

grant-making

Brazilian philanthropy’s resistance to, 160, 162, 164

grassroots (politics), 25, 141–4, 147–9, 151, 154–5, 159, 167, 169

grievance agenda, 142, 155

Guedes, Paulo, 90, 96–7, 171

Haddad, Fernando, 183, 185

hate speech, 58, 74–5, 168

Hayek, 81–4, 90, 93

healthcare, 42, 45, 62, 70–1, 118, 129–30, 142, 144, 155, 173, 204, 212, 217

Covid-19, 19–20

Mais Médicos, 215

public health services and SUS, 39, 46–7, 174, 188, 201–2

SESAI, 209, 215–16

shamanism, 216

hegemony, 11, 14, 123, 126, 131, 147, 152

cultural hegemony, 12, 14, 19, 23, 81, 87, 89

Gramscian hegemony, 88

left hegemony, 89

libertarian hegemony, 91

heritage, 11, 74, 201

cultural heritage, 58, 60, 65

Holocaust, 115

homicide, 39, 42, 47

human rights violations, 50, 75

Hungary, 4, 37, 204

identity politics, 5

Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD), 105, 108 ff., 117–18

chute na santa, 14

Templo de Salomão, 109

and politics, 109–10

and women, 100

and abortion, 110

impact investing

among Brazilian philanthropists, 25, 161, 172–174

impeachment, 2, 8, 37, 50, 78, 86, 93-5, 106, 109, 153, 160, 167, 171, 183, 202, 209

incra, 61–2, 63, 64–5, 68, 70, 71, 72, 74, 168

index of juvenile vulnerability to violence, 46

indigenous, 78, 217

coronavirus, 202

education, 213–15

FUNAI, 68, 70, 209

healthcare, 215–16

history, 209–12

language, 214

movements, 135

racism and violence against, 74–5, 124, 125, 135, 168

rights, 4, 59, 61, 64, 67, 69, 78, 129, 132, 189, 210

territory, 58, 69, 72, 202, 212–13

inequality, 2, 4, 12, 43, 155, 195, 204

gender inequality, 193

income inequality, 44

racial inequality, 24, 124, 126–30, 135, 194, 201

regional inequality, 45

social and economic inequality, 2, 15, 43, 45, 154, 175

structural inequality, 10

infrastructure, 63, 96, 144, 149–50, 154–5, 184, 188

informal, 6, 41, 125, 162–3

economy/jobs, 143, 146, 152

housing, 147, 153

periphery, 144, 148

informality, 18, 152, 154

Instituto de Pesquisa e Estudos Sociais (IPES), 83

Institute of Studies on Religion (ISER), 104

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 75

Intersyndical Department for Parliamentary Assistance (DIAP), 40, 42

intersectionality, 39, 115, 193–94

intimidation, 73, 141, 168, 174

intolerance, 12–3, 22, 37, 48–52, 74, 106

religious intolerance, 50–1, 75

social intolerance, 48

investigations, 43–4, 72, 76–7, 92, 95

against the Bolsonaro family, 8, 204

lava jato investigations, 2, 9, 170, 204

mani pulite investigations, 95

police investigations, 77, 205

Israel, 24, 37, 106–7, 109–10, 114–18, 127

Jews, 24, 58, 106, 110–13, 115–17, 163

judiciary, 5, 7, 69, 74, 183

June 2013, 37, 98, 189, 191

Movimento Passe Livre (MPL), 94

protests, 21, 49, 78, 94, 145–47, 150, 184

Laclau, Ernesto, 17–18, 21

laicidade, 23–4, 104–5

Latin America, 51, 59, 82, 106, 109, 112, 124–5, 132, 154, 159–60, 170, 182, 193

leader/ship, community, 77, 144, 151, 153–5, 186

left (politics), 12, 77, 82, 89, 169, 182, 186, 189, 190

Brazilian left, 182, 184, 187–89, 194, 195

new left, 189

legislative (branch of power), 5, 7, 40, 60, 86, 104, 136

legislative elections, 91

Lei da Palmada, 92

LGBTQI+, 3, 48, 50, 87, 89, 103

and Bolsonaro, 95

and evangelical churches, 14, 105–6

homophobia, 6, 46, 48, 50, 188

rights, 4, 13

transgender people, 48, 74

violence against, 47–8, 50–1, 74, 168

see also rights

Lindeberg, Adolpho, 81–2

Lula, Luís Ignacio da Silva, 2, 7, 9, 57, 61, 64, 85–6, 91–2, 97, 106, 109, 112, 118, 129, 161, 167, 169, 183–5, 187–9, 194, 203–4, 210

lulismo, 2, 7

antilulismo, 106

Macedo, Edir, 108–10, 118

see also Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD)

Marxism, 19

mensalão, 2, 85–6, 94, 97–8

messianic congregation, 20, 24, 103, 110ff.

and conspiracy theories, 112

and current politics, 114–15

interpretation of the holocaust, 115

and state of Israel, 115, 118

militarism, 4, 6, 95, 109, 168, 185, 211

military dictatorship, 38, 49, 75–6, 89, 92, 96, 98, 153, 161–3, 174, 181, 189, 194

military regime, 8, 10, 83–4, 87, 107, 112, 205

Aliança Renovadora Nacional (ARENA), 84

military coup, 82–3

millenarianism, 15, 20

Minas Gerais, 143, 144, 153

Ouro Preto, 143, 144, 146, 148, 153

Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), 68

Ministry Of The Environment (MMA), 73

minorities, 4, 13–14, 45, 89, 108, 211, 217

misogyny, 13, 46–8, 106, 188

Mont Pèlerin Society, 82–4

moral values, 5, 8

Moro, Sergio, 95, 183, 203

movements, 50, 94, 97, 124, 153, 165

far–right, 6, 12, 204

free order, 90

conservative, 7, 91, 93

Corinthians democracy, 181

Catholic, 82, 162

gun rights, 9

housing, 147, 168

Movimento Brasil Livre (MBL), 94

New Right, 86, 91

Students for Liberty, 90–1

Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra/Landless Workers’ Movement (MST), 74, 167–8, 190, 194

landless workers, 78, 162

multiracialism, 128, 131, 134

myths, 10, 11, 45, 114, 117, 126, 128

National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD), 43, 131

National Institute for Educational Studies and Research (INEP), 62, 66

National Institute for Space Research (INPE), 70

National Programme for Education in Areas of Agrarian Reform (PRONERA), 70

nationalism, 13, 76, 126, 135

neoliberalism, 5–8, 25, 81–2, 89, 143, 163–4, 169, 171

and the PT administrations, 7–8, 188

neo-Pentecostalism, 107, 113

and media, 14, 108–9

see also Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD)

see also Pentecostalism

non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 47–8, 51, 58, 75, 87, 127, 135, 162–4, 167–8, 192, 209, 211, 216

Olympic games, 145, 150, 188

oppression, 125, 142, 155, 174

Palmares Cultural Foundation (FCP), 61–3, 74, 201

Partido Patriota, 96–7

patrimonialism, 22, 38, 41–3, 84

Paulista Amazon, 58

PCDOB (Communist Party of Brazil), 118

peleguismo, 185–6

Pentecostalism, 103, 107–8, 118

see also neo–Pentecostalism

performativity, 17–18

philanthropy

and philanthropic foundations, 160, 163, 166, 169, 172

elite Brazilian, 159–65, 167, 169–72, 174–74

history of Brazilian, 167–8

philanthrocapitalism, 164–65

Philippines, 5, 37

Poland, 37

polarisation, 8, 12–3, 20–1, 50, 52, 106, 134

Christian polarisation,20

political polarisation, 24, 49, 103, 189

police brutality, 9, 75, 95, 135, 168, 193

political clan, 40–1

political correctness, 12–3

political landscape, 25, 159, 161, 163, 167, 174, 182, 189, 195

political opportunity theory, 190–93

political parties, 3–6, 94, 184–85, 189, 191, 193, 195

see also specific parties

political spectrum, 2, 7, 20–1, 204

populism

and Covid-19, 204

and crisis, 16

exclusionary populism, 17

and nationalism, 13

penal populism, 16

as a political phenomenon, 17, 19

populist characteristics, 1

populist politics and actors, 12, 16, 17, 18, 22, 37, 159, 203, 204

populist rhetoric / discourse, 2, 10, 13, 15, 19–21

and social media, 21

poverty, 44–5, 71, 78, 106, 142, 151, 154–5, 164–6, 168–9, 173, 187–8, 201

precarity, 25, 59, 62, 141, 145, 161, 169, 171, 215

prejudice, 12, 45, 51, 216

privilege, 14, 24, 45, 64, 104, 112–13, 125, 135, 141, 146, 151–2

economically privileged, 64, 78

underprivileged groups, 13

white privilege, 135

Progressives (PP), 40–1

PSOL (Socialism and Liberty Party), 118

PT (Partido dos Trabalhadores, Workers’ Party), 2, 4–5, 18, 86, 97, 107, 161, 170–1, 182, 187, 189

anti-PT/anti–petismo, 2–3, 8, 25, 86, 184, 188

and Black movements, 129

and Bolsonaro government, 21, 98, 111, 134

and corruption, 9, 17–8

and Lula, 9, 86, 97, 106, 161, 167, 184–5

and neoliberalism, 7–8, 188

and quilombola, 64, 67

and social issues, 187–8

elections, 183–4

oppositions, 94–5, 106, 118, 184

post–PT, 4, 25, 181–3, 187, 195

PT administration, 18, 64, 129, 171

PT government, 67, 167, 192

see also Lula, Luís Ignacio da Silva

see also mensalão

see also Rousseff, Dilma

Public Prosecutor’s Office (MPF), 69, 202

quilombo, 13, 64–5, 67–74, 202

Brazil Quilombola Programme (PBQ), 63–5

community, 57–64, 72, 75–7

education, 62–3, 65–8

heritage, 60

movement, 57, 62–3, 67, 202

rights, 22–3, 57, 59–61, 62–4, 69, 77–8

territory, 58, 63–4, 66, 69, 71–2

violence, 74–7

see also INCRA

see also racism

race, 24, 39, 44, 46, 50–1, 60, 77, 104, 123–41, 151, 153–5, 193

racism, 6, 46, 48–9, 59, 74, 76, 78, 123–8, 130, 136

anti-Black racism, 6

anti-indigenous racism, 124

anti-racism, 24, 106, 123–24, 127, 129

Programme Against Racism for the Promotion of Racial Equity (PERPIR), 65

structural and institutional, 39, 76–7

see also hate speech

see also indigenous

see also quilombo

reciprocity, 60, 217

relocation, 142, 148

Republicanos/Partido Republicano Brasileiro, 109, 118

resistance

grassroots, 142, 153

indigenous, 209–10, 217

institutional, 23, 130, 162, 167, 174, 190

quilombola, 57, 60, 66

see also autonomy

resource mobilisation theory, 190–1

rhetoric, 11, 168

anti-communist rhetoric, 83

anti-democratic rhetoric, 5

anti-system rhetoric, 95

Bolsonaro’s rhetoric, 135

Christian rhetoric, 20

conspiracist rhetoric, 19–20

populist rhetoric, 2, 13, 15, 20–1

rhetoric of war, 74

right (politics), 5, 86–9, 91–2, 96–7, 135, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191–2, 194, 196

alt-right, 7, 159, 174

Brazilian right, 83

centre-right, 4, 7–8

far right, 1–6, 10–2, 17, 20, 203–4

New Right, 8, 10–1, 21, 23, 81, 82, 85–7, 91, 93, 94, 97–8

religious right, 186–87

and populism, 13, 20

see also centrão

rights, 38–9, 49, 95, 118, 133, 142, 152, 160–1, 164, 174–5, 181, 193, 203

to abortion, 92–3

civil rights, 42, 45, 105-6, 193

collective rights

of indigenous, 129, 189, 210–12

of quilombolas, 23, 57, 59–61, 62–4, 69, 77–8

human rights, 9, 48, 50–1, 65, 75, 77, 87, 92, 111, 162, 167–8, 183, 193, 205

labour rights, 92, 141, 167

LGBTQ/LGBTQI+, 87

same-sex marriage, 92

tenure rights, 142, 146–48, 150

Rousseff, Dilma, 2, 6, 7, 37, 50, 64–5, 68, 71, 78, 92–4, 98, 106, 109, 134, 153, 160, 161, 167, 171, 174, 183, 188, 210

see also impeachment

Russia, 9, 37

senate, 4, 40–1

sexuality, 18, 23, 51, 103, 106, 118

see also LGBTQI+

silence, 10, 12, 25, 46, 75, 104, 141–3, 152–3, 155, 202

slavery, 22, 37–9, 61, 77, 125, 127

Social Christian Party/Partido Social Cristão (PSC), 95–6, 104

Social Democratic Party (PSD), 40

social justice, 160–1, 164, 167, 174

Social Liberal Party (PSL), 3, 4, 40, 97

social media, 1, 3, 11, 19, 21–2, 23, 24, 25, 74, 87–8, 93, 141, 143, 145, 152, 187, 189–91, 194–5, 202

digital media, 12, 45, 98,

new/old media, 10–1, 128

Orkut, 81, 87–91, 93, 96

social movements, 72, 81, 110, 127, 142, 155, 160–3, 167–9, 174–5, 182–3, 186, 190–6, 210

liberation movements, 4

see also landless workers movement

see also Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais sem Terra (MST)

social policies, 12, 67, 70, 167, 170–1

sociology, 26, 85, 128, 130, 170

Sócrates, 181–82

stigmatisation, 19, 41, 58, 150

Supreme Court, 4, 7, 58, 106, 202, 205

Supreme Federal Court (STF), 68–9, 92

surveillance, 190, 195

taxes, 45, 70, 89, 91, 104–5, 148, 155, 170–1, 184

Technical Identification and Delimitation Report (RTID), 62, 64, 71

Temer, Michel, 7, 68–70, 95, 168, 109, 168, 171

temporal framework (marco temporal), 68–9

third sector, 159–60

tourism, 74, 144, 146

Tradition, Family, Property (TFP), 82–3

transportation, 94, 142, 145–46, 150–151, 155, 216

Trump, Donald, 2, 4, 5, 15, 20, 73, 98, 124, 204–5

TV Globo, 108

TV Record, 14, 108–9

unemployment, 5, 37, 44, 49, 144, 152, 166, 203

United States, 9, 37, 43, 73, 87, 104, 124–6, 163, 204–5

Vargas, Getúlio, 7, 185–6

Venezuela, 37, 107

wealth, 41, 43–4, 45, 130, 159, 163, 165, 169–70, 172–3, 188

World Conference against Racism, Durban (2001), 127–8

World Health Organization, 20, 47