Index

Abstracts, as intellectual discipline, 75–6
Abuse of power, by academics, 120
Academic careers, 180–1
Academic journal editors, 169, 170, 172
Academic journals, 170
Academic publishers, 171, 172
Acoustics, 144
Acton, Lord ( John Dalberg-Acton), 88, 91
Adobe Acrobat, software, 96
Against the grain, reading documents, 108
‘Age of Postmodernity’, 43
Alexievich, Svetlana, 13–14
Allen, Martin, 48
Ancestry.co.uk, 10, 98
Animal Studies Journal, 7
Annales school of history, 110–11
Annotation, 154
Anonymity, online, 80
Anonymous reviewers, brisk, brusque and occasionally rude, 169
Answering questions in seminars, 137–8, 139–40
Anthropology, 4
Antiquarians, 11
Aphorisms, use in public speaking, 130–1
Appeals against the results of a PhD examination, 164
Archivists as guides to their collections, 37
Argument
developing in longer projects, 76–7
form of, 74–5
refuting, 75–6
straw man, use of, 75
Art history, 9
Articles drawn from a PhD, 168
Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), 23
Audiences
engaging visually, 128
for public presentations, 127
Audio recording, as primary source for oral history, 106

Barraclough, Geoffrey, 8
BatchGeo, software, 100
Baudrillard, Jean, 101–2
The Bibliography of British and Irish History (BBIH), 64–5
Bibliography as part of a PhD, 26
Big data, 94
Big history, 6
Blake, William, 6, 135
Bloch, Marc, 3, 15
Blogs, 80, 83–4
‘Many-Headed Monster’, 83
relationship to peer-reviewed publications, 84
as trial run for conference and seminar presentations, 84
Bodleian Library, 58
Bradbury, Malcolm, 118
British History in the Long Eighteenth Century seminar, 186
British Library, 49
British Parliamentary Papers, 59
Bullying and harassment, 116, 117–19
Bunyan, John, 88
Burney Collection of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Newspapers, 49–50, 96
Butcher, Judith, 153

Calendar riots, 48, 76
Careers
academic, 180–1
parallel, 181–2
Casaubon, Edward, 87, 87n
Chairing, 138
the art of, 143–4, 148
assessing the room, 145
calling on questioners, 147
controlling rudeness, 146
controlling verbose questioners, 146
disruptive audience members, 146
introductions, 144–5
questions, 145–7
styles of, 144
welcoming newcomers to seminars, 148
Chapters
evolving titles and sub-sections, 76
length of, 71–2
CHNM. See RRCHNM
Citation, 59
Harvard, 60
of online sources, 61
Oxford, 60
Civic engagement, 172–3
Clark, Alice, 9
Classics, 4
codes, unwritten, xi
Cohen, Dan, 81
Collingwood, R. G., 105
Comparative history, 21
Complaints, reporting, 119
Completion rates, institutions judged on, 116
Complexity, characteristic of historical thinking, 182
Conferences, use of social media at, 81
Confucius, 4
Consistency, revising for, 76
Consultancy, frequently unpaid, 173
Continuity, in editing a PhD, 155
Copyediting, 153–4
Copyediting: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Authors and Publishers (1975, 1981, 1992), 153
Corpus Linguistics, 63, 63n, 64, 94
Counterfactual history, 112–13
Co-writing, reflections on, 185
The Crack Up (1936), 87
Critics, as best friend in disguise, 169
CSV (comma-separated value), 64, 97, 99, 100
Ctrl-F, computer shortcuts, 64
Cultural capital, xi
Cultural history, 103

Dalberg-Acton, John, 1st Baron Acton. See Acton, Lord
Data analysis, characteristic historical skill, 182
Data entry, 98
Data management packages, 59, 62–3
Databases, 97–8
Davis, Natalie Zemon, 3, 15
Deadlines
negotiating, 28–9
usefulness of, 26–7
Debate
academic, 140
facilitated by the chair, 143–4, 147
as historian’s skill, 75
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776), 33
Dickens, Charles, writing rituals, 78
Dicta, use in public speaking, 131, 132
Digital history, 93–4, 190
Digital tools, and writing, 100–1
Digitization, 19, 93–4
and Euro-centrism, 101
Discrimination, 181
Dispossessed Lives: Enslaved Women, Violence, and the Archive (2016), 35
Distant reading, 39, 55
DNA tracing, 10
Doctorates, numbers awarded in the UK, 12
Double marking, as defence against abuse of power, 120
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 31
DPhil. See PhD
Draper, Nick, 20

ECCO (Eighteenth-Century Collections Online), 63
Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), 23
Economic history, use of maths, 18
Edge cases, data entry, 98
Educating Rita (1981), 118
EEBO (Early English Books Online), 63
Einstein, Albert, 56
Electoral history, as topic of life-long project, 19–20
Eliot, George, 87
Ellis, Joseph J., 41
Emotions, reconstructing past, 104
Emotions: History, Culture, Society, 7
Empathy
characteristic of historical thinking, 182
as historical methodology, 104–5
Endnote, data management software, 62
Endnotes, as characteristic of a ‘trade book’, 13
Enlightenment, European, 101
Envivo, data management software, 62
Epigrams, use in public speaking, 130–1
Errers, 73
Ethnic heritage, as topic of history, xi
Euro-centrism and digitization, 101
Evidence
necessary to history, 13
need for well-attested, 41–3
range of, 34–7
Examination boards, as final arbiter of PhD, 120
Examinations, PhD, 158, 159–60
appeals, 164
conduct of, 162–3
oral, 26, 161
outcomes, 163–6
participation in, 162–3
standards expected, 152
Examiners, PhD, 160
not to be contacted, 162
Excel, spreadsheet software, 64, 98, 99
Exhibitions, 174
Experts, scepticism about, 167
Expressive writing, and writer’s block, 89–91

Facebook, social media, 80
Family history, 10. See also Genealogists
Fees, effect of, xi
Fermor, Patrick Leigh, 88
Fiction vs history, 13, 14
File names, good practice, 60–2
File types, 60
Files, backing up, 78
Film interviews, 174
Film as vehicle for historical scholarship, 173
Findmypast.co.uk, 10, 98
Finland, doctoral ceremony, 164
First World War, 105
Fisher, F. J., ‘Jack’, 53
Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 87
Flaubert, Gustave, 57
Fogel, Robert, 113
Footnotes, 59, 73
as characteristic of a monograph, 13
Fraud, academic, 162
Freelance historians, 117, 182
Fuentes, Maris, 35
Funding, 22–3

Gatekeepers
academic historians as, 9
academic journal editors as, 172
academic publishers as, 172
social media as antidote to, 80
universities as, xi
Geertz, Clifford, 110–11
Gender, 9–10
as topic of history, xi
Genealogists
professional historians’ attitudes towards, 10
See also Family history
Geographical data, 99–100
George Mason University, 62
Gephi, visualization environment, 99
Germany, nineteenth-century university system, 5
Gestures, role in public speaking, 128
Gibbon, Edward, 3, 15, 33
GIS (Geographical Information Systems), 94, 99–100
Google Books, 62, 96
Google Earth, 95, 100
Grand theory, 76
Grant, Cary, 155
Grants
abolition of, xi
importance of, 74–5
Grants Register, 22
Greek cinema, as historical evidence, 35–6
Green, Edmund M., 19–20
Group biography, 107–8
Gulliver, Katrina, 81

Hadjikyriacou, Achilleas, 36
Hammond, Barbara, 9
Harbin, Allison, 182
Hathaway, Anne, 52
Hathi Trust Digital Library, 97
Hawks, Howard, 155
Heckling, coping with, 149
Heritage festivals, 173
Hermeneutics, 105
Higher Education system in the UK, 185
His Girl Friday (1940), 155
Historians
freelance, 5, 9
as gatekeepers, 9
knowledge and skills of, 182–3
range of work, 172–3
‘Historian’s hands’, 128
Historians in other professions, 181–2
Historical Association, 173
Historical evidence, varieties of, 35. See also Sources
Historical imagination, 14
Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 7
Historical researchers, variety of, 9, 9–11
Historiography, 4, 187
Historiology, 5, 187–8
History
academic discipline, 5
definition, 4–6
global community of practice, 14
range of types, 6–9, 189–90
sub-disciplines, 7n
History from below, 110
‘History of Liberty’, 88
The History Man (1975), 118
History profession
as gendered occupation, 9–10
lack of ethnic diversity, 10
History students
as ‘customers’, 11–12
as fellow researchers, 11–13
Hitler, Adolf, 111, 112
‘Holding phrase’, used in answering seminar questions, 139
Holmes, Sherlock, 31
The Holocaust, 106
denial, 43
Hume, David, 175
Humour in public speaking, 128
Hurstfield, Joel, as chair of lecture, 149
Hyper-reality, 101–2

Identity, as topic of history, xi
Ideology, role in history writing, 76
Illustrations, importance of, 74–5
Images, for social media profiles, 80
Impact agenda, 9, 174–5
Imperial War Museum, 105
Industrialization, 96
Information, increasing volume of, 57–9
Innes, Joanna, 132
The Inquisition, 111
Instagram, social media, 80
Institute of Historical Research, University of London. See London, University of
Interdisciplinarity, 9
The Internet Archive, 61
Interviewing methodology, 106

James, C. L. R., 3, 15
Job market, academic, 167
Journal of Big History, 7
Jupyter Notebooks, 64, 95

Kelly, Jason, 81
Kirk, Howard, 118
Kondo, Kazukiko, 63–4

Ladurie, LeRoy, 110
Lady Windermere’s Fan (1892), 70
Language acquisition, 18
Latin
classical, 131
medieval, 18
Lectures
disasters, 132
formal, 173
See also Public speaking
Lectureships, 180
Legacies of British Slave-Ownership database, 20
Lerner, Gerda, 3, 15
‘Lighthouse beam’, 128, 145
Literary agents, 170–1
Literary festivals, 173
Literature, 4, 9
Literature review, PhD, 26
Liverpool, University of, 8, 19
Local history groups, 173
London, University of
History Board of Studies, 149
Institute of Historical Research, 22–3
Royal Holloway, 35
Lurie, Alison, 118

MacEachern, Alan, 94
Mailer, Norman, 48
Major, John, 104
The Making of the English Working Class (1963), 73
Mallet, topic modelling software, 101
Mamet, David, 118
‘Many Eyes’, visualization environment, 99
‘Many-Headed Monster’, blog, 83–4
Mapping the Republic of Letters, 101
Marx, Karl, 8
Material objects, as historical evidence, 35
Material turn, 111–12
Mature scholars, 9
Members of Parliament, 107
Memoirs of Edmund Ludlow (1698–99), 49
Memory, as topic of history, xi
Mental health, support for, 89
Mentalities, 110–11
Methodologies
choosing, 53–6
qualitative, 54–5, 103–4
quantitative, 55
read/view/listen, 54
Methodology review, PhD, 26
Micro-history, 6
Middlemarch (1871/2), 87
Mind-mapping, 71–2
Modelling statistical data, 98
Modernity, 43
MOMW (Making of the Modern World), 63
Monographs, print runs for, 171
Montaillou (1975), 110–11
Moral economy, 63–4
MPhil, as outcome of a PhD exam, 165
Mumford, Lewis, 102
Musicology, 9

Namier, (Sir) Lewis, (Ludwick Niemirowski), 107
The National Archives, 20, 48
response to Covid-19, 58
Nazism, 105
Network analysis, 94, 107–8
New Media, 79–80. See also Social media
Ngram Viewer, Google, 96
Nobel Prize for Literature, 14
Note-taking, 39–40
aided by foreshadowing in lectures, 129
use in public speaking, 128
used while answering seminar questions, 139
for writing, 60

Old Bailey (Central Criminal Court), 42
Old Maps Online, 100
Oleanna, 118
Olusoga, David, 3, 16
Omeka, installation software, 62
Open Access journals, 171
Open Refine, data processing software, 64, 98
OpenAthens, 61
Optical Character Recognition (OCR), 96
accuracy of, 50
Oral examinations. See Examinations, PhD
Oral history, 14
as historical methodology, 105–6
Oral tradition, 5
‘Original contribution to knowledge’, 163, 180
Otele, Olivette, 3, 16
Outreach, historians and, 167–8. See also Public history
Oxford, University of, 8

Parallel careers, 181–2
Parliament, History of, 107
Part-time appointments, 12
Patriarchy, 10, 95
Peer review, 169
responding to, 169
value of, 168, 169
PhD
chapter sequence, 154–5
conclusions, 156–7
examination of, standards expected, 152
final revision of, 154–5, 156–7
finishing, 154
layout and presentation, 153–4
length and form, 26
‘original contribution to knowledge’, 25
range of skills, 180
self-reflexive statement, 156
shared monitoring, 27–8
timetable, 26
PhD examinations, 159–60
appeals, 164
conduct of, 162–2
French, 161
outcomes, 163–6
participation in, 162–3
preparing for, 160–1
status of, 161–2
Photography
good archival practice, 61
management of, 61
Physical activity, to avoid writer’s block, 86
Plagiarism, 70–1
Politics, 4, 9
Post-doctoral positions, 180
Postmodernism, 42–3, 191
Power, as topic of history, xi
resistance to, as a topic of history, xi
PowerPoint, presentation software, 126–7
Precarity, 180
as facet of doctoral research, 12
Primary sources, defining, 33–4. See also Sources
Print runs for academic monographs, 171
Professional standards, 9
Professionalization, 37
The Programming Historian, 94–5, 97, 100
Progression interview, PhD, 26, 28, 161
Prose style, 74
Prosopography, 107–8
Public history, 126, 173, 191–2
Public speaking, 125–6
adjusting for different audience types, 127, 128
concluding a presentation, 130–1
preparation for, 126–7
starting a lecture, 129
structuring content, 129–30
style of delivery, 127–8
timing, 130
virtual, 134
Publication outlets, 170–2
Publishers’ forms, information required on, 170
Publishing
literary agents, 170–1
non-remunerative, 170–1
painfully slow, 170
a PhD, 168
preparing for, 168–70
pressure to, 171
self, 171, 172
varieties of, 168–9
variety of publishing houses, 170
Pulitzer Prize, 41
Python, programming language, 95

QGIS (Geographical Information System), 99
Qian, Sima, 3, 15
Qualitative analysis, 103–4
Quantitative data, 97–8, 190
The Quebec Act (1774), 135
Questions
signalling to the chair in seminars, 145–6
variety asked in seminars, 134–6

Radio interviews, 173–4
Radiocarbon dating, 54
Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Economic History (1964, 1970), 113
Reading groups, 117
Research diaries, 30–1, 157
Research methods. See Methodology
Research projects
finishing them, 151–2
layout and presentation, 153–4
Research standards, 13–14
Research and teaching, 8
Researcher–supervisor, relationship, 22
Revision of a PhD, 27, 154–5
Rockwell, Geoffrey, 97
Room dynamics, 144
layout for lectures and seminars, 144
RRCHNM, Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, 62
Russell, Rosalind, 155
Russell, Willy, 118
Russia, 14
Ryle, Gilbert, 110

Sampling, 38
Scraping websites, 96–7
Scripts, use in public speaking, 128
Search algorithms, 101
Second World War, 48, 105, 111
Secondary sources, definition, 33–4. See also Sources
Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets (2013, trans 2016), 13–14
Self-publication, 171
Self-reflexive statement in PhDs, 156
Seminars
academic, 126
answering questions, 137–8
attracting the attention of the chair, 136
to avoid writer’s block, 86
chairing, 137
giving one’s name before asking a question, 147
importance of, 133–4
length of questions, 137
order of taking questions, 147
participation in, 75, 134
practising asking questions, 136–7
as starting point for academic correspondence, 139
style of questioning in, 135
sustaining camaraderie, 147–8
timing of, 138, 145
variety of questions, 134–6, 137
virtual, 134
Sexual harassment, 117–19
Sexuality, 10
Shakespeare, William
baptism, 51
‘second best bed’, 52, 53
Shibboleth, 61
Short cuts, for data management, 62–4
Signposts, role of in volume, ix
Silence
in the archives, 101
as historical evidence, 35
reading, 108–10
Sinclair, Stéfan, 97
Skills, of historians, 182–3
Slavery
abolition of, 20
reparations, 20
Snobbery, of historians, 37
Social history, 9, 103
Social media, 79–80, 116–17, 169
as basis for community, 80
coping with trolls, 83, 89
creating a profile on, 80–1
as democratic space, 80
as form of publication, 82, 84
how to contribute to, 82
influence on writing, 84
as source of expertise, 80, 82
for testing ideas, 83
who to follow on, 81–2
Social welfare, 132
Social-cultural classification, 135
Society of Antiquaries
London (1751), 11
Scotland (1780), 11
Sociology, 4, 9
Sources, 188
assessment of quality, 45–7
audit of, 46
born digital, 38, 94
close critique, 51–3
colonial, destroyed, 53
context, 51–2
digitized, 19, 36
edited, 49
evaluation of, 38–9
fabricated, 48
fair use of, 41
fake, 47
finding, 21–2
‘going fishing’ for, 39
non-textual, 188–9
preliminary assessment, 47–51
provenance, 47–8
reliability, 48–50
sampling, 38
songs, 48–9
style or register, 51–2
treatment of, 40
typicality, 50–1
Southampton Football Club, 36
Soviet Union, 14
Spanish Civil War, 105–6
Spin-off essays, from PhD and longer research projects, 168
Sport, history of, 36
Spreadsheets, 97–8
SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions), 99
Spufford, Margaret, 86
Stalking, 119
Standing, role in public speaking, 127–8
Stargardt, Nicholas, 104–5
State formation, as topic of history, xi
Statistics as data, 97–8
Stone, Lawrence, 140
Stonehenge, 11
Sub-disciplines, 189–90
emergence of, 7
listed, 7n
Supervisors/supervision
advice regarding careers, 180
choice of, 23–4
codes of practice, 119–20
finding, 22–3
formal frameworks for, 116
importance of regular meetings, 27
mandating asking seminar questions, 137
resolving problems, 116–17
role at the end of a PhD, 157
role in oral examinations, 162–3
styles of, 23
varying practice in allocation of, 22
working in partnership, 115–16
Sword, given to successful Finnish doctoral candidates, 164
Synchronic immersion, 111

Tables, importance of, 74–5
Talks, informal, 173
Teaching, 181, 191
and research topics, 8
Television, 173
interviews, 174
Temporary appointments, 12, 180
Text as data, 95–6
Textbooks, 41
Theory of history, 8, 187–8
Thick cultural description, 110–11
The Third Age, University of, 173
Thomas, (Sir) Keith, 58, 149
Thompson, E. P., 3, 15, 19, 50, 64, 110
as freelance historian, 5
prose style, 73
TikTok, social media, 80
Timespans, human scale, 7
Timetable, 25–7
PhD, 26
Topic, finding appropriate, 18
Topic modelling, 94
Mallet, software, 101
Toynbee, Arnold, 175
Trade books, 13, 170–1
Transcribing audio records of oral history interviews, 106
Treatise on Human Nature (1729–40), 175
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (Baron Dacre of Glanton), 149
Trolls
coping with, 83
on social media, 89
Tropy, photo management software, 61
Turkel, William, 94
Twitter, social media, 80, 80–3, 131
retweeting, 82
Twitterstorians, 80, 81, 82

UK Data Archive, 98
Universities,
choice of, 23–4
curriculum, influence on historical research, 8
funding, impact of, 11
as gatekeepers of class privilege, xi
hierarchies, 6
national systems, 6
public auditing of, 6
rise of, 5
widening access to, 6
University regulations, PhD, 26
Upgrade oral examinations, 161
URLs (Uniform Resource Locator), 61
Usernames on social media, 80

Version control, 72, 151–2
Video interviews, 174
Vietnam, 41
Virtual history, 111–12
Viva. See Examinations, PhD
Voyant Tools, corpus linguistics software, 63, 74, 97

Walpole, Horace, and serendipity, 19
War between the Tates (1974), 118
Warwick, University of, 5
The Wayback Machine, Internet Archive, 61–2
Webb, Beatrice, 9
The Wellcome Trust, 23
Westmoreland, William, US commander General, 41
Whyman, Susan, 140
Widows and orphans, 153
Wife sales, 50–1
Wilde, Oscar, 70
Wills, as evidence of religious belief, 46–7
Witchcraft, seventeenth-century, 149
Wolf, Naomi, misinterpretation of ‘death recorded’, 42
Woolf, Virginia, 77
Word processing, software, 64, 98, 153
Workers’ Educational Association, 5
Working-class radicalism, 19–20
Workstations, 77
Writer’s block
avoiding, 85–7
myths and realities, 87–8
therapy, 89
as trigger for reassessment, 88–9
Writing
as craft skill, 69–71
drafts, and revision, 30
endings, 77
importance of light and quiet, 77–8
importance of routines, 29–31, 72–3, 78
organization of spaces for, 77–8
sentence length, 74
stream of consciousness, 89–90
with variety, 73–4
WWI. See First World War
WWII. See Second World War

Zenodo, 98
Zinsser, William, 30
Zotero, data management software, 62–3

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