Index

Abipones, 52, 151, 153, 158

Acosta, José de (Jesuit), 175, 183n46, 233, 235, 236

adultery, 91–101 passim

Anchieta, José de (Jesuit), 193, 198

and indigenous languages, 193–4

grammar of, 128–32, 189–90, 193–4, 200, 202, 233

Anello Oliva, Giovanni (Jesuit), 5, 171–84 passim

apostasy, 151, 183n46, 198

Apothecaries, Jesuits as, 235, 239–40, 246–8

Arauco, province of, 151, 153, 155, 160, 161, 220

Araújo, Antonio (Jesuit), 194, 202

Arce, José (Jesuit), 52, 54–5

archaeological sites in Bolivia, 46–8

Argentina

Jesuit missions in, 69, 132, 136

science in, 255–78

art, Chinese style of, 2, 11–36

art, in Chiquitos missions, 2–3, 54, 58, 60–1, 65

art, in Guaraní missions, 76

art, symbolism in Jesuit, 2, 34–6, 42–8

artisans, in Jesuit missions. 17, 56, 76, 80, 259

see also painters; pottery making; sculptors;

astronomy, 5, 250n85, 255–278 passim

Atienza, Juan de (Jesuit), 63–4

Augustinians, 32

aymara, 64, 173, 174

Ayoréode (indigenous group), 52

balsams, 234, 236, 239, 241

bandeirantes, 74, 83

baptism, in extremis, 191, 194, 197, 200–203

baptism, in peripheral Jesuit missions, 149–65

baptism, native approaches to, 4–5, 154–64

baptism, native resistance to, 150–2

baptism, role of European goods in, 161–2

Beijing, Jesuit missionaries in, 11, 13–14, 31

Belleville, Charles de (Jesuit), 2, 15, 21–2, 24, 26,34

biography of, 15, 17n16

as sculptor, 2, 15, 17–8, 21

bezoar stone, 233, 239–40, 241, 246

Bodleian Library, Oxford, 5, 190, 196

body marking, 48–52, 55

body painting, 42, 58

Bohemia, Jesuit missionaries from, 53, 55, 113

Bolaños, Luis de (Franciscan), 131

Bolivia

archaeological sites in, 46–8

Jesuit estates in, 209, 214

Jesuit missions in, 2–3, 5, 41–68

see also Chiquitos, Jesuit missions to the

Brazil

church architecture in, 2, 15, 21–36

indigenous languages of, 4–5, 127–42, 189–204; see also Tupí; Guaraní

Jesuits arrive in, 130, 189, 191–2

building materials, for missions, 41, 54

Buonanni, Filippo (furniture maker), 34–5

Buonaventura Moggi, Fernando (Jesuit), 13

Caballero, Luis (Jesuit), 42, 43, 46, 56n64, 62–4

cabinet of curiosities, 6, 232–3, 240–2

Campero de Herrera, Juan José Fernández (patron), 42, 52

cannibalism, 64, 64n87, 73, 74n20

Caribbean, 213, 218

Castiglione, Giuseppe (Jesuit), 11

catechism and evangelisation, 56, 80, 83, 94, 116–7, 138, 153, 173–4, 194, 197, 202, 207

Cavendish, Thomas, 195, 203

ceremonies

in Chiquitos missions, 61–2

in Peru, 172, 180–1

Chaco, Jesuit missions in, 4–5, 43, 52, 57–8, 149–51, 153–5, 158, 162, 164

Chantre y Herrera, José, as source, 113–24 passim

Chile

indigenous culture in, 158–9

Jesuit estates in, 210, 219–20

missionisation in, 4–6, 149, 152–3, 157, 161

procurator of, 241, 246

China

Franciscans in, 32

French Jesuits in, 15–20

porcelain from, 22, 29–30

Chinese art, 11–36

Chinese sculpture, 29–31, 33

chinoiserie, 23, 25–30, 35

Chiquitano, 48, 55, 56, 62, 65

Chiquitos

indigenous culture of, 42–6, 62–3

Jesuit missions to the, 2–3, 41–68

mule breeding in, 214

music in, 111–12, 120–21

Chiriguanos, 52–3

chocolate, 240–2, 246

church architecture

in Brazil, 13–36

in Chiquitos, 41–68

church decoration

in Brazil, 21–8, 31

in Chiquitos, 54–55

cinchona (Jesuit’s bark), 5, 231, 233, 242–9

Clain, Pablo (Jesuit), 236

Cobo, Bernabé (Jesuit), 175, 233, 235, 236

coca, 45, 233, 235

Colegio de Arequipa, 183

Colegio de Callao, 176

Colegio de Oruro, 176

Colegio de San Martín, Lima, 176

Colegio de San Pablo, Lima, 176, 176n21, 219, 247

Colegio del Salvador, Buenos Aires, 256, 261, 266, 271–4

Colegio Espíritu Santo, Puebla, 217

Colegio Imperial, Madrid, 129, 232, 236

Colegio Máximo de San Bartolomé, Santa Fe de Bogotá, 217

Colegio Máximo de San Pedro y San Pablo, Mexico City, 215–6

Colegio Maximo, San Miguel, 276

Collegio Romano, Rome, 34, 174n12, 267

and interest in drugs, 239, 240, 246, 248

Collegium Maximum, Córdoba, 255, 257, 259

Colombia, Jesuit estates in, 209–10, 217–220

commercial activities of the Jesuits, 5, 209–10, 217–22, 230–49

passim

cosmic physics, 5, 267–78

curanderos, missionaries as, 4, 150, 158, 160, 164–5

indigenous, 4, 42–43, 61–63, 150, 150n3, 156–9, 234

Diez Gálvez, Maria José (conservator), 55

Dobrizhoffer, Martín (Jesuit), 52, 58, 222

Dominicans, 3n4, 63, 89, 175

donkeys, 212–21 passim

drugs, Jesuit trade in, 5, 229–30, 235

drunkenness, 64, 64n87, 73–74, 162

Ecuador (Mainas), music in missions of, 3–4, 111–24

Ecuador (Quito)

drugs from, 243, 245

Geodic Expedition to, 250n85

mule breeding in, 212, 219

English, in Brazil, 195–6

epidemics, 115, 154, 156, 161–3

impede evangelisation, 154–9

Esteyneffer, Juan de (Jesuit), 234, 236

evangelisation

and healing, 154–6, 164, 234

and idolatry, 181–3

and indigenous languages, 172–4, 182, 191–4, 197

and multilingualism, 130, 132, 141

and native leadership, 160–1

general approaches to, 4–5, 172–84

expulsion of the Jesuits

administration after, 92, 141

and impact on agriculture, 215, 220–21

and impact on science, 255–6, 263

impact of, 113, 231

France, Jesuits in, 17

Franciscans

and indigenous languages, 131–2, 134

art of, 32–3, 35

in Argentina, 256, 265

in Brazil, 15, 29, 31–5, 131, 189

in China, 32

in Mexico, 142, 233

Friars Minor, see Franciscans

Fritz, Samuel (Jesuit), 113–4, 123

gender relations, in Jesuit missions, 3, 91–101; see also women.

German

artisans, 25–6, 29

Jesuits, 4, 128, 234, 236, 270

Grã, Luís de (Jesuit), 193–4

grammars, 4, 128–30, 132, 137, 190, 233

guaiacum, 249

Guaraní agriculture, 73, 92, 138

Guaraní culture, 3, 71–5, 80–4, 136

Guaraní grammar, 128, 233

Guaraní language, 3, 127–42

Guaraní missions, 53, 69–87; see also Jesuit missions in province of Paraguay

Guaraní missions and mule breeding, 214–5

Guaraní pharmacopeia, 129, 138, 236

Guaraní pottery making, 78–81

Guaraní texts, 96, 102–8, 141

Guaycurú (Guaycuruas), 50–1, 57

baptism among, 5, 149, 153, 162, 164

hallucinogens, 43, 59, 61

healers, native. See curanderos

healing and evangelisation, 154–9, 164, 234

hechiceros, 150n3, 156–60, 165, 173, 180–1; see also curanderos

Hernández, Francisco (physician), 232

horses, 73, 92, 212–21 passim

Huarochirí, 172, 177

idolatry, 177–80, 183n46, 184, 234–5

Inmaculada, Concepción (Chiquitos), 41, 53 n49

instruments

musical, 82, 112, 118–24

pottery, 81

scientific, 255–9 264–6, 272

intertribal rivalry, 150, 160, 161, 163–4

ipecacuanha, 233, 249

Jesuit bark, see cinchona

Jesuit missions

agriculture in, 5, 73, 80

division of labour in, 93–94

in Beijing, 11–15, 18–20, 31–2

in Bolivia, 41–68

in Chaco, 149–65 passim

in Chile, 149–65 passim

in Mainas, 113

in north-west Mexico, 149–65 passim

Jesuit missions in the province of Paraguay, 3–4, 52–4, 92, 183, 214, 261

languages in, 4, 127–41

material culture in, 23, 69–87

music in, 111–12, 122–24

Jesuit settlements, in Brazil, 192, 198

Jesuits

and education in Argentina, 257–8, 266–7, 274

and indigenous languages, 4–5, 63–4, 189, 193

and trade in drugs, 229–30, 235, 244–247

commercial activities of, 5, 209–10, 217–22, 230–49 passim

expulsion of, 5, 92, 113, 141, 215, 220–21, 231, 249, 255–6, 263

French, 15–20

global network of, 5, 6, 18, 231, 237–238, 247, 269

Jesús de Tavarangue (Franciscan mission), 5, 91–100 passim

João de Pessoa, monastery of, 31, 33–5

Juli

Dominicans in, 175

Jesuit mission at, 63–4, 172–6, 173n9, 175n19, 181, 183

language school at, 174–5

Kircher, Athanasius (Jesuit), 232, 236

Knogler, Julian (Jesuit), 48, 50, 56–60

language and translation. 128–9, 128n8; see also translation

languages for evangelisation, 131, 134, 141, 172–4, 182, 191–4, 197

languages, see Guaraní; Tupí; lingua brasilica; lingua franca; lingua geral; quechua

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 51, 58

libraries, 193, 195, 196, 203, 263

Lima

and the drug trade, 243, 247–8

as base for missionisation, 63, 111, 176n21

evangelisation in, 172

music training in, 119–20

lingua brasilica, 127, 131–2, 141, 190, 194, 201

lingua franca, Guaraní as, 134

lingua franca, see lingua brasilica, lingua geral, quechua

lingua geral, 131, 133

linguistic analysis, sources for, 129–30

liquidambar, 233

Lodge, Thomas, 195–7, 203–204

Magnin, Juan (Jesuit), 113

Mainas

Jesuit missions in, 4, 113–24

music in, 113–24

source of cinchona, 244–7

Manila, 32, 236

Mapuche

and Jesuits, 152–3, 154, 157, 160

culture of, 160, 164

Mariana, 27–29, 34

Martellange, Étienne (Jesuit), 20

Mastrilli, Nicola (Jesuit), 184

mathematics, 5, 11, 34, 94, 257, 263–7 passim

medicine, see healing; drugs

Messner, Juan José (Jesuit), 55

Mexico

Jesuit estates in, 209–10, 215–6, 220

missionisation in north-west, 4–5, 149–65 passim

Minas Gerais, 14, 26–9, 34

Mocobies, 57, 154–5, 158, 162–3

Monardes, Nicolás (physician), 233

monogamy, 182

Moxos missions, 4, 53, 111–12, 114, 118, 121, 214

mule breeding in, 214

music in, 111–12, 120–21

mule raising, 5, 211–23 passim

efficiency of, 221–2

in Rio de la Plata, 214, 220–2

mule trade, 212–4, 216–8, 221

importance of, 211–12

numbers of, 212–15, 220

music

in Chiquitos missions, 56n61

in Mainas missions, 3–4, 111–24

in Peru, 173

musical education, 116–21

musical instruments, 115–6, 118–24

natural history, 1, 231–2, 235–6

Nicaragua, 218–9

Nieremberg, Juan Eusebio (Jesuit), 232, 236, 238

Nóbrega, Manuel (Jesuit), 192, 199

Nossa Senhora, church in Belém da Cachoeira, 21–2

Nossa Senhora da Assunção in Mariana (church), 27–9, 34

Observatorio de FÍsica Cósmica, San Miguel, 276

Observatorio del Ebro, 256, 270–1, 274–6, 278

Omagua (indigenous group), 113, 119–21

Ovalle, Alonso de (Jesuit), 233, 235, 236, 241, 246

painters, 17, 17n, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 41

Chinese, 19–20

Jesuit, 11, 17, 18, 25, 63, 73

painting in Chiquitos, 51, 55–58

paintings, in Brazil, 21, 24, 26, 29, 35

Paraguay, 3, 52–3, 69–71; see also Jesuit missions in the province of Paraguay

Paraguayan war, 132, 132n

Peru

Jesuit estates in, 209–10, 219

Jesuit missions in, 172–82

pharmacopoeia, 129, 138, 231, 233, 235–6, 239

in Guaraní, 129, 138, 236

pharmacy, Jesuit interest in, 229–30, 233, 235

Philippines, 32, 233, 241, 242

physical sciences, 5, 255–78 passim

Piano Carpini, Giovanni (Franciscan), 32

polygamy, 64, 64n87, 73, 75n24, 198

porcelain, 14, 22, 29–30, 34

pottery making, 2–3, 46–8, 70–1, 77–81

printing press, 73, 136

privateers, 191, 195–6

procuradores, 238–41, 245–7

Procurators, See procuradores

Puig, Ignacio (Jesuit astronomer), 256, 276–7

quechua

as lingua franca, 115, 123, 127n1, 173, 174

Jesuits learn, 173, 174

Querejazu, Roy (archaeologist), 45

Recife, 31–4

Reister, Jürgen (anthropologist), 43–4, 46

remedies, 230–47 passim; see also cinchona

Ricci, Matteo (Jesuit), 11

Rio de la Plata, region of, 91, 141, 221

Rio de la Plata, mule raising in, 214, 220–22

rock art, 42–6, 65

symbolism of, 55, 60–1

Ruiz Montoya, Antonio, 71, 128, 132, 135, 137

San Cosme and San Damián Guaraní, mission of, 259, 261

San Francisco de Borja, 113, 115, 219

San Javier (Chiquitos), mission of, 52, 53n49, 59

San Rafael, Chiquitos, mission of, 54–5, 59

Santa Ana Velasco (Chiquitos), mission of, 50, 53n49

Santos Reyes de Yapeyú, mission of, 120, 215

São Paulo (de Piratininga),192

Schmid, Martín (Jesuit), 54–8, 61–3

scientific instruments, see instruments, scientific

scientific interests of Jesuits, see under specific discipline

sculptors, 2, 15, 17–18, 22

shamans, see curanderos

Sinaloa, 149, 154–6

singing, 74, 115–24, 137, 139

slavery

African,15, 24, 74, 221

Native American, 2, 94

Sousa, Tomé de (Governor general), 191–2

Suárez Garay, Buenaventura (Jesuit astronomer), 255, 258–63, 271, 278

sugar estates, 52, 196, 216–17, 257

tacamahaca (resin), 239

Tarija, 52

tattooing, 42, 47, 48–52, 58, 59

tobacco, 162, 240, 241, 242

transculturation, concept of, 72–6, 81–5

translation,

of languages, 4, 128, 134–6, 140

of Tupí language, 4, 189–204

Treaty of Madrid, 92, 139

Treaty of Utrecht, 53

Tupí (Tupi) language, 5, 127, 129, 131, 189–204

Tupí-Guaraní

language family, 4, 129, 132, 192, 193

region, 15, 24

Turcotti, Carlo Giovanni (Jesuit), 18

Ubach, José (Jesuit astronomer), 256, 261, 267, 270–4

Uriarte, Manuel (Jesuit), 116, 122

Valdivia, Luis de (Jesuit), 152, 153

Veigl, Franz Xaver (Jesuit), 116, 124

Venezuela, Jesuit estates in, 209–10, 217–8

Vitelleschi, Mutio (Jesuit General), 176, 184, 238

women

and division of labour, 56, 64, 73, 78–9, 83

body adornment of, 50–2

in missions, 3, 74, 162n68

status of, 3, 56, 64, 91–108

yerba mate, 73, 94, 99, 136, 138, 162–4, 163n69

Zamucos (indigenous group), 52