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Index
Introductory Note
References such as ‘178–9’ indicate (not necessarily continuous) discussion of a topic across a range of pages. Wherever possible in the case of topics with many references, these have either been divided into subtopics or only the most significant discussions of the topic are listed. Because the entire work is about ‘Palmers’ and ‘fraternity’, the use of these terms (and certain others which occur constantly throughout the book) as an entry point has been restricted. Information will be found under the corresponding detailed topics. Cross-references in a form such as ‘See also individual names’ direct the reader to headings in a particular class (e.g. in this case ‘Amore, Roger’) rather than a specific ‘individual names’ entry.
- a Lee, Roger, 136
- abbeys, 42, 54, 104, 139–40, 190
- abbots, 54–5, 98–9, 140, 156, 160, 162–3, 165, 168
- Abergavenny, 48, 54
- Aberystwyth, 197
- Abingdon, Richard, 131
- Abirdyng, Peter, 86, 96
- accounts, 19–20, 26–8, 39, 42–4, 46, 50, 141–2, 166, 185, 209
- Adams, Alice, 97
- Adene, Margery, 89
- administration, 26, 39–41, 158
- of justice, 139, 163
- administrative structures, 20–21
- admission
- fees, 8, 23, 48, 73, 83, 91, 157
- registers, 21–3, 26, 40, 73, 84, 88, 92, 104, 132
- affective bonds, 78, 98, 107
- agents, 45, 61–2, 185–6, 195
- Aisshe, Thomas, 48
- Alcock, John, 138
- aldermanic bench, 122, 128, 167
- aldermen, 120–22, 124–5, 128–31, 140, 142
- Alen, John, 129
- Aleyn, Richard, 123
- Aleyn, William, 133
- aliens, 17, 183, 194, 196–7
- allegiance, 187–8
- almsgiving, 79, 91
- almshouses, 19, 140, 205
- altars, 3, 5, 16, 195
- portable, 77
- Amore, Roger, 88
- annual feasts, 5, 44, 80, 140, 197
- annual obits, 48, 92
- apprentices, 17, 21, 85–7, 141–2
- arbitrators, 160, 163
- Arnald, Elisabeth, 95
- Arnald, John, 95
- Arnold, Nicholas, 170
- Arthur, Prince of Wales, 46, 74, 81, 84–5, 101–3, 107, 138, 156–8, 161, 165–6, 192, 196, 206
- household, 102, 156, 161, 165
- Ashford, 61–2, 189
- Ashford Carbonel, 164
- Ashford Gameyll, 164
- Ashford Jones, 164
- Aspley, Richard, 123
- Attouneleff, Isabella, 90
- auditor, 122–3
- Austin Friars, 184
- Aventry, Robert, 131
- Bagot, Elizabeth, 51
- Bagot, John, 51, 131–2
- Bagot, Thomas, 133
- bailiffs, 6, 44, 48, 62, 119–27, 130–33, 159–60, 164, 168, 207
- high, 119, 124, 126, 160
- low, 124, 126–7, 160
- Baker, David, 123
- Baker, John, 133
- Baker, Thomas, 123
- Banbrocke, Thomas, 84, 90, 97
- Banwell, Thomas, 133, 135
- Barbour, John, 123
- Barker, Alice, 17
- Basterfeld, Elizabeth, 16
- Basterfeld, Philip, 16
- Baugh, Geoffrey, 164
- Baxter, Robert, 140
- Bayly, William, 122–3, 133
- Baynham, Christopher, 191
- Becke, Laurence, 160
- Bedo, Thomas, 160
- Beech, Walter, 129
- Belknap, Edward, 191
- Bell, John, 190
- Belley, Henry, 168
- benefactors, 20, 48, 52, 54, 57, 60
- benefits, 5, 8, 30, 74, 78–9, 107, 143, 170, 184, 197–8
- Bensted, Joyce, 188
- Bensted, Sir Edward, 188, 193
- bequests, 5, 38, 48–52, 54, 62, 94–5, 141–2, 196
- Beverley, 49, 95
- Bilford, Richard, 126–7
- Birmingham, 22, 43, 46, 84
- bishops, 106, 138, 168, 185–6, 190–91. See also individual names
- absentee, 188
- Bishop’s Lynn, 8, 49
- Bitterley, 62
- Blackburn, Humphrey, 166
- Blanwey, Hugh, 123
- Blethyn, Abbot Morgan, 54–5
- Blythe, Geoffrey, 156, 165
- Bodnam, Roger, 167
- Bonde, John, 133
- bonds, 41, 47, 55, 93, 96–8, 100, 143, 159
- affective, 78, 98, 107
- Booth, Charles, 51, 160, 167
- Bordeaux, 13, 194
- Bordesley, 165
- Boston, 8, 17, 41, 49, 184–6
- Botfield, Richard, 123
- Bothe, Thomas, 133
- Bragott, Richard, 21, 50, 91
- Brandon, Charles, 172
- Brawing, John, 142
- Brecon, 43–4, 173
- brethren, 27–8, 41–9, 56–8, 60, 92–3, 119–21, 139–40, 164–5, 198, 206–7
- community of, 29, 60, 196
- Brimfield, 56
- Bristol, 6–7, 10–15, 22–3, 43, 51, 53–6, 130–33, 136–7, 143, 194–5
- Bridge, 137
- merchants, 48, 54, 86, 96, 195
- Bristowe, Sir John, 51
- Bromfield, 99, 172
- Bromley, Elizabeth, 157
- Bromley, George, 156–8, 160, 167–8
- Bromley, Richard, 93
- Bromwell, William, 141
- brotherhood, 4, 154
- brothers, 3, 16, 21, 105, 142, 156, 188, 190, 208
- Broughton, Thomas, 123
- Brown, John, 50
- Browne, John, 48
- Browne, alias Hobold, John, 164
- Brynley, William, 74
- building projects, 5, 205, 207
- Burwey, Nicholas, 55, 133
- Burwey, Richard, 133
- Caernarfon, 21, 24, 74, 197
- Cam, Richard, 126–7
- canons, 99–100, 104, 130
- Capper, Henry, 22
- captains, 192–3
- Cardigan, 173, 197
- Cardygan, Thomas, 161
- careers, 4, 124–6, 132, 139, 142–3, 157, 207
- Carmarthen, 15, 44, 197
- castles, 161, 165, 173, 196
- Catholicism, 183, 198
- civic, 30, 136–9, 142–3
- celebrations, 43, 136, 191
- Chamber, John, 55
- chamberlains, 41, 81, 95–6, 119, 124–5, 130–31, 133–4, 156, 159
- chapels, 1–5, 8, 15, 50, 76–7, 84, 93–4, 105, 143, 185, 187
- guild, 2–3, 6, 40, 184–5
- chaplains, 62, 77, 84–5, 105, 156
- Chapman, Thomas, 88
- charity, 1, 5, 56, 80, 91, 185
- Cheney, Sir Hugh, 50
- Cheney, William, 166
- Chertsey, Robert, 140, 142
- Cheshire, 23, 94, 106, 157
- Chester, 23–5, 99, 157, 165, 195
- Cheyne, William, 91, 164
- children, 54, 82, 93, 98, 101, 105, 166, 170
- Chirk, 173
- churches, 1, 5–6, 60, 76, 106, 159, 165–6, 183, 195, 198. See also individual churches
- Chymney, William, 95
- circumstances, 8–9, 19, 22, 27–9, 91, 132, 143
- citizens, 124, 187, 195
- civic Catholicism, 30, 136–9, 142–3
- civic elite, 17, 51, 55, 119–22, 127, 130, 132–3, 135–40, 142–3
- civic governance, 122, 140, 142
- civic government, 120, 122, 124, 132–3, 137, 140, 144
- civic office, 119, 123, 127, 129, 131–3
- civic officers, 120, 133, 136–7
- Cleche, Richard, 139
- clergy, 77, 84
- clerk, 9, 21–2, 27, 42, 73, 92, 104, 161, 193
- Clerke, William, 123
- clerk’s receipt book, 24, 43
- Clonton, Thomas, 160, 164
- Clonton, Roger, 25
- Clonton, Thomas, 23, 44–5
- Cofe, John, 160
- Cogan, Gilbert, 131
- Coke, Thomas, 164
- Coke, William, 88
- Colet, John, 141
- collection of fees, 20–21, 26, 40–42
- collection routes, 9, 46, 197
- Collier, Stephen, 126–7
- Colly, Thomas, 123
- Colman, John, 126–7
- commissaries, 190
- commissioners, 102, 157, 159–60, 168
- king’s, 159
- commissions, 6, 85, 167–8, 173
- common council, 6, 120–21, 128, 132
- communal, 51, 77, 100
- communities, 5–6, 18–20, 37–8, 43–9, 61–3, 84–5, 97–8, 100, 136–7, 197, 208–9
- Compton, William, 168
- connections, 54–5, 60, 103, 105, 137–8, 143–4, 158, 164–5, 189–91, 196
- contract, 92–3, 185–6
- Cook, William, 133
- cooks, 73, 81, 130
- Corbet, John, 123
- co-residency, 98, 100, 106–7
- Cornwall, George, 170
- Cornwall, Richard, 61, 157, 168–9, 172
- Corpus Christi guild/fraternity, 16, 75, 86, 91, 95–6, 119, 127, 133, 137, 140
- costs, 43, 62, 75, 185, 193, 208
- Coton, Elisabeth, 22
- Coton, William, 133
- Cotton, John, 192
- councillors, 102, 104, 139, 156–8, 162–4, 188, 206
- Council of the Marches, 29–30, 84–5, 102–3, 138, 143–4, 153–67, 172–3
- residency in Ludlow, 158–66
- countess, 84, 196–7
- counties, 9, 22, 154, 162–3, 166, 169, 171
- county courts, 168–9
- county elites, 169–71
- County Meath, 196
- county town, 121, 127
- court records, 159–60
- courts, 4, 61–2, 107, 130–32, 158, 160–62, 168, 172, 196
- Coventry, 46, 55–6, 83–4, 86, 88, 97–8, 132–8, 143–4, 195
- bishops of, 84–5, 166
- Holy Trinity, 8, 80
- tapestry, 137–9
- Cox, John, 139
- Cresset, Richard, 171
- Crispe, Thomas, 142
- Croft, Edward, 156–7, 161–2, 167–8, 170
- Crompe, Edward, 126
- Cromwell, Thomas, 186
- crown, 27, 138, 162, 166, 187, 198
- Cun, Robert, 100
- cursus honorum, 29, 124–6, 139–40, 144, 160
- Cutt, Henry, 22
- Dafydd ap Phillip, 192
- Dafydd ap Rhys, 172
- Dansey, John, 167
- Davies, Richard, 160
- Davis, John, 131
- death, 50, 56–8, 61, 86, 91–2, 94, 102, 107, 135, 196
- de Beaumont, Bishop Louis, 75
- debt, 19, 21, 53–4, 94–5, 100, 127, 160–61, 207
- deceased members, 5, 8, 92–3, 141, 193
- deceased servants, 91–2
- Dee, John, 22
- Dee, Katherine, 22
- deeds, 19–20, 56–9, 163–4, 209
- de la Bere, Sir Richard, 157, 168
- de Lacys, 195
- de la Pole, John, 155
- Denbigh, 15, 44–5
- Denton, Jacob, 160
- Derby, 15, 46, 88
- de Távora, Teresa, 196
- Devell, Elisabeth, 83
- Devell, John, 83–4, 97
- devotion, 60, 76–8, 87, 195
- diocese, 186, 189–91
- disputes, 163, 188
- divine services, 3, 48, 78
- Doen, Edward, 22
- domesticity, 29–30, 208–9
- Don, Roger, 123
- donations, 47, 78, 185, 198
- Dove, John, 86, 134
- Downe, Agnes, 88
- Downe, Richard, 59, 183–4, 186–8, 190–91, 193–4
- drapers, 86, 130, 135
- Drewis, John, 53–4, 132
- Durham, 75, 186, 197
- Dyer, Richard, 23
- East Anglia, 9, 42, 205
- Eastham, 20, 39, 58–61
- Ednam, John, 55
- Edward III, 187, 195
- Edward IV, 16, 74, 81, 101, 138, 155
- Edwards, William, 173
- Edwards, John, 130–31
- Edward the Confessor, 1–2, 50, 184
- Egerton, 9
- Egerton, Ralph, 156, 161, 168
- elders, 6, 50, 56, 86, 164, 183
- elections, 122, 124, 169, 171
- electors, 121–3, 169–72
- elites
- civic, 17, 51, 55, 119–22, 127, 130, 132–3, 135–40, 142–3
- county, 169–71
- mercantile, 15, 86, 194
- Elyot, Alice, 96
- Elyot, Hugh, 86, 96
- Elyot, John, 131
- Elyot, Robert, 132
- employers, 82, 87–90, 94–5, 107
- employment, 5, 81, 87–9, 91, 94, 156, 162, 165
- England, 9, 28–30, 41, 45–7, 62–3, 73–4, 139, 154–5, 183–98
- enrolment, 21, 73–4, 80–81, 91–5, 97, 99–106, 133, 141–2, 192–4, 196
- initial, 87–8, 91, 97, 127
- entrance fees, 7–8, 85, 91, 100
- Esterfield, John, 131
- Evesham, 43, 99, 163, 165
- executors, 53–5
- expenses, 19, 27, 41–4, 49, 58, 62–3, 155, 163, 184–5, 207
- ex-servants, 161–2
- external pressures, 30, 76, 101–7
- extranei, 22, 104, 197
- Eyton, Thomas, 48
- familia, 79, 94–5
- familial ties, 105, 155, 191
- families, 3, 16, 55, 75–6, 94–5, 105–6, 168, 170–71, 191, 208
- gentry, 49, 82, 140, 170–71
- noble, 105, 196
- nuclear, 80, 82
- family memberships, 75, 96
- Faringdon, Hugh, 140, 156
- fathers, 16, 54, 61, 101–2, 106, 141, 162, 170
- feasts, 39, 43–4, 51, 55, 80, 158, 184, 206
- annual, 5, 44, 80, 140, 197
- guild, 2, 4, 43–4, 52, 103, 155, 158
- Pentecostal, 44, 47, 63
- fees, 23, 26–7, 39–40, 46, 86, 88, 92–3, 96–7
- collection, 20–21, 26, 40–42
- entrance, 7–8, 85, 91, 100
- Ferdinand II of Aragon, 196
- Ferley, Thomas, 159–60
- financial circumstances, 8, 89, 135–6
- financial obligation, 39, 62, 82, 93, 96
- fines, 43, 96
- Fitzherbert, Jane, 156
- Fletcher, John, 123
- food, 41–3, 46, 62, 82, 207
- Ford, Thomas, 134
- foreign membership, 194–7
- Forster, John, 123
- Fowkner, Thomas, 85
- framework, 4, 75–6, 93, 144
- France, 183, 188, 193–4, 196, 198, 205
- fraternities, 4–5, 17–18, 37–8, 49, 119, 136–8, 140, 153–5, 195–6, 208–9. See also Introductory Note
- large, 205, 208
- local, 86, 119, 137, 196
- religious, 1, 99, 136–7
- Frongk, John, the younger, 53
- Fryse, John, 57
- Fryse, Alice, 58
- Fryse, John, 57–8
- funeral, 5, 94, 165–6, 187, 192
- garrison, 188, 192–3
- Gascony, 194–5
- George, Duke of Clarence, 16
- Gellett, Margery, 83
- gentry, 15–17, 50, 73–4, 76, 83–4, 97, 101, 103–4, 153–9, 166–7
- families, 49, 82, 140, 170–71
- households, 74, 81, 93, 96, 98
- membership, 154, 170–71
- Gerveys, Simon, 130–31
- Gifford, John, 157
- gifts, 7, 20, 39, 47–53, 58–9, 62, 94, 100, 155, 166
- of land, 56, 59–60
- Gigli, Giovanni, 187, 189
- Gigli, John Paul, 190–91
- Gigli, Silvestro, 186–7, 189–91, 193
- gilt cup, 50–52
- Gittowe, Ellyn, 97
- Gittowe, Morgan, 97
- Giwart, Maurice, 135
- Gloucester, 10–15, 30, 43, 88, 99, 121–2, 128–30, 132–3, 136, 143
- Gloucestershire, 9, 47, 49, 104, 154, 167–71, 190
- Gloucetur, John, 100
- Glover, William, 58–9
- Glyndŵr, Owain, 15
- Goldman, Reynold, 161
- goods, 46, 53–4, 96, 168
- Gopsill, Thomas, 134
- governance, 30, 41, 50, 85, 206, 209
- civic, 122, 140, 142
- regional, 153–74
- royal, 30
- rural, 29, 169, 206
- urban, 119–45
- government, 122, 130, 138, 140, 166
- civic, 120, 122, 124, 132–3, 137, 140, 144
- town, 15, 124–5, 128, 143–4
- governors, 139, 168–9, 171, 173
- granaries, 161
- Green, Thomas, 126
- Grene, William, 164
- Grenlef, John, 164
- Greville, Fulk, 170
- Greville, John, 170
- Grey, George, 84–5, 103
- Grey, Katherine, 22, 103
- Griffith, William, 96–7, 159
- Griffith, Elisabeth, 97
- Griffith, Rees, 96–7
- grooms, 81, 161
- guild chapels, 2–3, 6, 40, 184–5
- guild chest, 53, 91
- guild feasts, 2, 4, 43–4, 52, 103, 155, 158
- guild fees, 41, 82, 96
- guild members, 38, 40–41, 56, 58, 60, 97, 166–7, 186–7, 192–3
- guild membership. See membership
- guild officers/officials, 22, 26, 38–42, 44–5, 51–2, 63, 81, 160, 183, 207
- guild of St Mary, 8, 41, 184–6
- guild of the Holy Cross, 16, 43–4, 49, 92, 133, 135, 154
- guild priests, 3, 5, 20, 26, 40, 48, 93, 197, 207
- guild records, 19–30, 80–82, 93, 98, 104, 171, 186, 193
- guild recruitment, 7–17, 191
- guild registers, 55, 84, 86, 92
- guilds
- deceased members, 5, 8, 92–3, 141, 193
- enrolment. See enrolment
- entrance fees, 7–8, 85, 91, 100
- large, 16, 41, 138, 194
- membership, 20, 46, 85, 104, 205–6
- regional, 7, 9, 17
- town, 8, 16, 119, 144, 154
- guild stewards, 21, 40, 42, 63, 100, 121, 197, 207
- Guillard, Louis, 189
- Gwenllian ferch Dafydd, 27
- Hadden, John, 55, 83, 94–5, 133–4
- servants, 83, 94
- Hadley, Edmund, 134
- Hall, John, 126, 131
- Hall, Richard, 170
- Halsey, Ralph, 129
- Hanley, 43, 46, 85, 106
- Hannibal, Dr Thomas, 190
- Hardwarman, John, 197
- Hardwen, John, 134
- Hardyng, John, 142
- Harley, John, 81
- Harris, John, 131
- Harry, Thomas, 56
- Hassall, Richard, 134
- Hastings, Edward, 16
- Hastings, Sir William, 16
- Henry, Prince of Wales, 102, 189
- Henry V, 140, 187
- Henry VI, 16
- Henry VII, 74, 79, 101, 103, 140, 169, 192
- Henry VIII, 30, 74, 156–7, 169–71, 183, 186–8, 192, 194, 198
- Herbert, Sir Walter, 105
- Herbert, Anne, 105
- Herbert, Blanche, 105
- Herbert family, 82, 105
- Herbert, Walter, 105
- Herbert, William, 105, 168
- Hereford, 15–16, 43, 54, 73, 89, 167–8
- Herefordshire, 44, 46, 50, 56, 61–2, 89, 154, 157, 167–70, 190–92
- Hereford, William, 58
- Heriettes, John, 56–7
- heriots, 61
- Heryng, Thomas, 134
- hierarchies, 87, 103–4, 143, 206
- Higgons, Elizabeth, 89
- Higgons, John, 56
- Higgons, Katherine, 89
- Hill, Hugh, 123
- Hill, Richard, 123
- Hill, William, 61
- Hochekes, William, 123
- Holt, 46, 172
- Holy Cross guild. See guild of the Holy Cross
- Holy Trinity guilds, 8, 80, 86, 91, 119, 124, 133, 137, 141, 207
- hoods, 80
- Hoore, Richard, 28, 43, 46
- Hopley, Henry, 123
- Hopton, William, 81
- Horrox, Rosemary, 81
- Hosier, John, 50
- Hosier, Thomas, 122–3
- Hosier, William, 123
- Hosyer family, 171
- household members, 78, 81–3, 95, 97
- household membership, 30, 74–5, 77–8, 81, 85, 96, 100, 102–3, 105–7
- households, 30, 73–107, 142–3, 158–9, 161–3, 206, 209
- benefits of guild membership, 75–80
- external pressures, 30, 76, 101–7
- gentry, 74, 81, 93, 96, 98
- insular pressures, 93–8
- patterns of guild membership, 82–5
- and religious guilds, 74–5
- servants, 84, 94, 98, 162
- Howard, Thomas, 165, 191
- Hugo ap Thomas, 22
- Hull, 9, 49, 95, 196
- Hunt, John, 56
- Hussey, Richard, 123
- Hussy, John, 192
- Hutton, John, 131
- Hyde, Nicholas, 139
- Iberia, 194, 196, 198, 205
- identities, 8, 15, 50, 79, 82, 160–61, 164, 208
- Ieuan ap Jamys, 160
- income, 6, 19–20, 57, 82, 125, 207
- indulgences, 19, 30, 40, 77, 183–7, 208
- influence of networks, external pressures, 101–7
- institutions, 17–18, 29–30, 58, 120, 153–4, 158, 160–61, 165–6, 173
- local, 101, 153
- religious, 104, 143
- interpersonal relationships, 41, 60, 161
- inventories, 19, 48, 50–51, 53
- investment, 15, 39, 41, 50, 53, 59–60, 63, 76–7, 102
- Ireland, 10, 12–13, 185, 194–6, 205
- Ireland, David, 122–3
- Isabella I of Castile, 196
- Italy, 190
- Katherine of Aragon, 189, 194
- Kaye, William, 16
- Kemsey, Richard, 133–5
- Kemys, Thomas, 104
- Kene, John, 23
- Ketilsby, John, 56
- Keynsham, 43, 105
- kings, 81, 101–3, 138, 155, 157–8, 161–2, 184, 188–9, 192. See also individual names
- Kingsland, 46, 62
- kin networks, 74, 80, 105–7
- Kithin, Elizabeth, 187
- knights, 96–7, 102, 157, 168–9, 192
- Kylby, Henry, 134
- Kynaston family, 171
- Kynston, William, 41
- Kyrvyn, Robert, 134
- labourers, 6, 17
- land, gifts of, 56, 59–60
- landlords, 20, 39, 60–63
- land transfer, 56–9
- Lane, Richard, 164
- Laurence, David, 131
- Lee, Richard, 84
- Lee, Thomas, 134
- Leet Jurors, 133–4
- Leicester, 46, 55
- Leicestershire, 84, 167
- Leighton, Anna, 184–5
- Leighton, Hugh, 184–5
- Leighton, Robert, 192
- Leland, John, 205
- Lenche, John, 84
- Lendall, William I, 55
- Leominster, 43, 56, 62
- Leo X, 186
- Lewes, John, 82
- Leweys, David, 190
- Lewis ap Rees, 129
- Lewis ap Rice, 129
- Liber Vitae, 75
- Lichfield, 42, 85, 166
- life cycles, 74, 85–93, 107, 157
- Lincoln, 16, 48, 167
- Lincolnshire, 50, 74, 197
- Lingen, John, 167–8
- Lister, Richard, 122–3
- livery, 1, 3, 80, 155, 192
- companies, 140–42
- Llantarnam Abbey, 54–5
- Llanthony Priory, 54, 99–100
- local courts, 61, 160–61
- London, 10–17, 30, 53–4, 88, 104, 106, 139–43, 183–4, 188–9, 194–7
- Longland, John, 85
- Longley, Richard, 23
- lords, 16, 20, 61–2, 99, 101, 169, 207. See also individual names
- lordships, 20, 28, 58, 163, 172–3
- Louth, 49, 207
- Lowther, Lancelot, 172
- Ludlow, 5–7, 9–13, 43–7, 50–52, 58–63, 119–21, 195–7, 205–7
- and Council of the Marches, 158–66
- Palmers’ guild, 4–7, 95, 120, 127, 129–30, 136, 138–9, 141, 168, 173–4
- Ludlow, Kateryne, 97
- Ludlow, Laurence, 97
- Lye, Richard, 165
- Machynlleth, 15, 197
- Malebroke, Richard, 56–7
- Malvern, William, 191
- Manning, Hugh, 123
- manors, 22, 46, 62
- maps, 6–7, 9–15, 132
- Marcher lordships, 6, 154, 159, 166, 172–3
- Marches, 29–30, 84–5, 102–3, 138, 143–4, 153–67, 170, 172–3, 195–6, 206
- Margaret ferch Llywelyn, 21, 24
- Margaret of Anjou, 16, 140
- Marian, Henry, 156
- Marlborough, 39, 43, 56–8, 60
- Marler, Richard, 134
- Marlow, William, 55
- Marmion, Henry, 129
- marriage, 85, 89–91, 103, 105–7, 155, 196
- Marshall, Thomas, 123
- Maruffo, Raphael, 185–6
- Mary, Princess of Wales, 156–9, 161–3
- masses, 5, 43, 48, 52, 55, 76–7, 165–6, 169
- masters, 16–17, 73–5, 78–80, 83–9, 91–8, 100–101, 104–5, 119, 141–2, 209
- material, 5–6, 19, 77, 159
- materiality, 26–7, 52, 80
- Matthews, John, 131
- Mayhew, Richard, 54, 85, 168
- Maynwring, Annyng, 90
- mayors, 86, 95, 119–21, 128–34, 136, 140, 142
- Maysmor, Thomas, 100
- Melvin, William, 139
- membership, 3–4, 7–19, 74–80, 83, 89–90, 97–100, 102–5, 126–8, 140–44, 157–8, 206
- benefits, 75–80
- fees, 8–9, 21–3, 39–41, 59, 61, 91–2, 95–6, 127, 194–5, 207
- foreign, 194–7
- fraternal, 19, 76, 78, 207
- lists, 53, 57, 60, 156, 158, 164, 209
- microcosms of, 37–71, 100, 207
- patterns, 30, 74, 82–5, 140, 154, 208
- payments, 74, 88–9, 96, 100, 126, 141
- records, 4, 9, 19, 28, 50, 91, 100, 120, 156, 170
- terminology, 81–2
- Members of Parliament (MPs), 16, 130–31, 153–4, 156, 166, 168–72
- memoranda, 49, 52, 61, 161, 185
- mercantile elite, 15, 86, 194
- mercers, 81, 83, 130, 140–42
- merchants, 49, 51, 55, 82–3, 104, 135, 194–6
- of Bristol, 48, 54, 86, 96, 195
- Meredith, John, 83
- Meyos, Richard, 193
- Meyos, Thomas, 193
- Meysam, John, 53–4
- Michel, William, 129
- microcosms, 39, 41, 45, 78, 98, 100, 185, 187
- microcosms of guild activity, 53–60
- microcosms of membership, 37–71, 100, 207
- Middlemore, Thomas, 142
- Midlands, 9, 15, 30, 39, 44, 143, 195, 205
- Milward, Alice, 89
- Milward, John, 89
- Minsterley, Hugh, 123
- mistresses, 73, 84–5, 93–6
- Mitton, Thomas, 123
- Mitton, William, 123
- mobility, 22–3, 63
- Mocklow, Roger, 134
- Mogriche, John, 190
- Moklow, William, 88
- money, 41–6, 48, 57, 94, 100, 125, 127, 135, 184, 195–6
- Mongomery, John, 123
- monks, 98, 100, 130, 139, 165
- Monmouthshire, 82, 99, 105
- Monoux, George, 131, 140
- More, William, 99, 163, 167
- Mortimers, 195–6
- Mortmain laws, 57
- Morton, Walter, 56, 164
- Mossell, Thomas, 134
- motivations, 4, 17, 74, 78, 91, 105, 209
- MPs. See Members of Parliament
- Mynors, Richard, 168
- Mytton, Richard, 170
- Nassh, Richard, 58–9
- natal family, 85, 95
- national fraternity, 19, 37, 47, 143–4
- national guild, 17–18, 30, 47, 120, 141, 144
- neighbours, 55, 58
- Nekson, John, 98
- Nethermyll, Julian, 133–4
- networks, 43, 74, 143–4, 158, 188–9, 195–8, 208–9
- Nevell, Joan, 89
- Nevell, Richard, 89
- Neville, Anne, 16, 140
- Neville, Richard, 138
- Newman, William, 56
- Newport, 9, 173
- Newport, John, 168
- Newton, Humphrey, 77, 94
- Newton, Lady, 51, 74
- Nichols, William, 59
- nobility, 16–17, 101, 103, 140, 153–6, 159, 196
- noble households, 75, 77, 101–2, 104, 206
- Norbery, Richard, 97
- Norfolk, 42, 44, 63, 197
- North Atlantic trade, 86
- Northumberland, 84, 197
- Norwich, 17, 119, 136, 154
- Nottinghamshire, 41, 167
- Nuneaton, 46, 99
- nut cups, 50–51
- obits, 5, 20, 48–9, 54, 136
- annual, 48, 92
- obligations, 19, 39, 49, 61–2, 82, 93–6, 100, 162
- occupation, 21–2, 28, 30, 55, 81, 96, 130, 137, 140
- occupation of Tournai, 183, 188, 198
- officers, 20, 38, 40–45, 50–51, 124, 127, 129–30, 140, 157–9, 162, 189–90, 192
- offices, 4, 50–51, 119, 122, 125–34, 157, 160–62, 168, 172
- ordinances, 90–91, 193
- ordinary theology, 87, 107
- Osbern, Johanna, 97
- Osborn, Thomas, 129
- Oswestry, 15, 22, 42–3, 46, 187
- overseer, 54–5
- Owens, John, 59, 61
- Oxfordshire, 15, 49
- Packington, Humphrey, 142
- Packington, Robert, 86
- Pageter, Thomas, 140
- Paige, Sir Richard, 62
- Palmers’ guild, of Ludlow, 4–7, 95, 120, 127, 129–30, 136, 138–9, 141, 168, 173–4. See also Introductory Note
- papal bulls, 185–6
- parchment, 28
- pardons, 77, 94
- parents, 54, 82, 102, 170
- parish churches, 5–6, 20, 48, 52, 54, 76, 83, 158, 165, 184
- Parker, Thomas, 190–91
- parliaments, 79, 169, 171
- Parret, John, 163
- Parys, John, 3
- Payne, John, 126–7, 134
- Peenlloyod, Agnes, 8
- Peenlloyod, John, 8
- Peke, Elizabeth, 50–51
- Pembroke, 51, 74
- Pembrokeshire, 23, 91, 98
- Penke, John, 131
- Penson, Philip, 161
- Pentecost, 43–4, 47, 63
- Percy, Henry, 84
- Perkyns, Henry, 134
- Perrot, Sir Owen, 192
- Pershore, 43, 168
- petty captains, 192
- Phelipp, Margery, 83
- Phelipp, Richard, 83
- Phelypps, William, 43
- Phillips, Richard, 123
- Phillips, Roger, 122–3
- piety, 4, 60, 75–80, 97, 107, 136, 143
- Pikthorne, Michael, 61
- pilgrimage, 1–2, 63, 185, 187
- Pilleston, William, 74
- Pole, Margaret, 84–5
- Pole, Richard, 168
- politics, 29–30, 78, 86, 132, 144, 155, 165, 173–4, 208
- Pontesbury, Thomas, 90
- Poole, John, 129
- Pooley, Richard, 104
- Port, John, 156–8, 160, 162, 168
- portable altars, 77
- Portar, Elizabeth, 56
- Powys, 15, 27
- Poyntz, Thomas, 156–7, 168
- Prat, John, 164
- prayers, 3, 40, 42, 48, 78, 93, 184
- precedent, 101–2, 157, 162
- pre-existing networks, 30, 130, 188
- presidents, 85, 102, 156, 160–62, 164–5, 168
- pressures, 19, 28, 74, 100, 102, 208
- insular, 93–8
- prestige, 75, 137–8, 168, 198
- priests, 4–5, 45, 57, 78, 198, 205, 207
- guild, 3, 5, 20, 26, 40, 48, 93, 197, 207
- Prince of Wales, 74, 85, 101–3, 138, 143–4, 155–6, 158, 163
- Princess of Wales, 153, 161–3
- Principality of Wales, 159, 163, 197
- proctors, 41, 190
- Purslow family, 171
- Pynson, Richard, 184
- Quyny, Adrian, 93
- Rastell, John, 129
- Rawlens, John, 129
- Reading, 55, 139–43
- receipt books, 21–4, 27, 42–3, 92
- receipts, 19, 26–7, 42, 57, 61, 127
- records, 8–9, 21–3, 26–7, 80–82, 155–6, 198, 206, 209
- guild, 19, 23, 28–9, 80–82, 93, 98, 104, 171, 186, 193
- recruitment, 7–17, 21, 40, 100, 107, 188–9, 191, 193–4
- Reep, John, 131
- regional governance, 153–74
- regional guilds, 7, 9, 17
- registers, 21–3, 26, 40, 73, 84, 86, 88, 92, 104, 136
- relationships, 18, 29–30, 39–40, 44, 47–9, 54, 56, 59, 61–2, 73–4, 79, 85–7, 89, 92–6, 101, 103, 106, 120–21, 125, 139, 141, 153–5, 158, 161–2, 164–6, 168, 170, 173, 196, 208–9
- economic, 20, 28
- interpersonal, 41, 60, 161
- transactional, 42, 94
- religion, 3, 76–7, 87, 137, 144
- religious activities, 4–5, 79, 93–4, 120, 132
- religious expression, 15, 77–8
- religious guilds, 5, 57, 74–5, 78–9, 86, 90, 130, 136, 142
- religious houses, 52, 54, 98–101, 107, 139, 162, 165–6, 191
- remembrance, 5, 27, 52
- rents, 7, 20, 48, 58, 62, 207
- reputation, 6, 55, 75, 78–80, 93, 99, 107, 143
- resources, 4, 21, 23, 155, 161
- retinues, 80, 192–3
- Rhys ap Thomas, Sir, 173, 191
- Ricart, Robert, 131
- Rice, Richard, 134
- Rice, Simon, 86, 140, 142
- Richard, Duke of Gloucester, 16, 81, 140
- Richard, Duke of York, 16, 101, 195–6
- Richard III, 129
- Richards Castle, 6, 20, 39, 56, 62, 193
- riding books, 21–3, 25–7, 56, 81–2, 84, 88–9, 92
- Robyns, Roger, 53
- Rogers, Henry, 134
- Rogers, Walter, 42, 44–5
- Rogers, William, 134
- Rome, 30, 183–94
- English College, 186
- Rose, William, 134
- routes, 15, 18, 54, 79, 88, 143, 186, 197–8
- Rowley, William, 86, 131, 134
- royal households, 73, 80, 101, 163
- Ruddyng, William, 86, 134
- rural governance, 29, 169, 206
- Russell, John, 61, 104, 156, 162–3, 168
- Sacheverell, Sir Richard, 16, 191
- saints, 3, 87, 158
- St John the Evangelist, 1–2, 6, 51, 94, 140, 184, 205
- St Katherine, 184
- St George, guild of, 119, 154
- St John, Maurice, 156
- St Laurence, church of, 1–2, 48, 165, 184, 195, 205
- St Mary, 17, 90
- guild of, 8, 41, 184–6
- St Paul’s Cathedral, 17, 41, 53–4, 140–41, 143
- Salter, John, 160
- Sampson, Richard, 189
- Sargeant, William, 126–7
- Savage family, 76, 84–5, 106, 157, 168, 191
- Scudamore, John, 156–7, 168, 170
- secretaries, 104, 156, 163
- Selby, Thomas, 88
- Semys, John, 129
- servants, 30, 73–6, 78–107, 156, 161–3, 167, 189, 191, 206, 209. See also individual names
- deceased, 91–2
- female, 84, 90–91, 94, 97, 104
- sextons, 191
- sheriffs, 120, 128–34, 140, 153–4, 156, 166, 168, 170
- Shore, William, 134
- Shrewsbury, 20, 30, 43–4, 121–3, 133, 138, 143, 159–60, 165, 192
- shrievalty, 128, 130
- shrines, 105
- Shropshire, 8–9, 22–3, 45, 61–2, 99, 106, 121, 167–71, 184, 189–90
- Shughbrough, William, 134
- Skelton, Ambrose, 104
- Skern, Thomas, 57
- Skern, William, 57
- Skinners’ Company, 16, 140
- Smith, Nicholas, 41
- Smyth, Bishop William, 102, 156, 161, 167
- Smythe, John, 131
- Smyth, Margaret, 28, 173
- Smyth, Robert, 134
- Smyth, Thomas, 28, 134
- Smyth, William, 134, 165, 168
- Snawsell, William, 95
- Snede, Richard, 157
- social capital, 55, 58, 78–9
- social relations, 19, 29, 155
- social status, 21, 80–81, 103, 140, 167
- Soket, John, 56
- solesters, 40, 45–7, 63, 138, 184, 197, 207
- solidarity, 18, 37, 40–45, 47, 63, 100
- Somerfeld, Robert, 56–7
- Somerset, 56, 105
- Sotomayor, Diego, 196
- Sotomayor, Pedro Álvarez de, 196
- souls, 5, 40, 52, 54, 60, 92, 172, 197–8
- Sparow, John, 134
- Spencer family, 171
- spiritual benefits, 40, 47–8, 77, 183, 197
- spiritual care, 92–3, 95–6
- spiritual obligations, 77, 92, 170
- spiritual provisions, 29, 207
- Sponne, Thomas, 134
- Stafford, Edward, Duke of Buckingham, 80, 84, 103–5, 156, 167, 173, 191, 206
- Staffordshire, 45, 106, 167
- Stanley, George, 106
- Stanley, Katherine, 106
- Stanley, Thomas, 106, 191
- stewards, 9, 20–23, 26–7, 41–7, 56–7, 61–2, 92, 128, 160–61, 164
- guild, 21, 40, 42, 63, 100, 121, 197, 207
- Stodham, John, 57
- Stodham, Margaret, 57
- Stone, Walter, 126–7
- strangers, 22, 183, 197
- Stratford, 16, 43, 80, 138, 141, 154
- Guild of the Holy Cross, 8, 44, 49, 92–3, 133, 138
- Streiteberell, Jacob, 74
- structures, 18–19, 47, 132, 138–9, 153–4, 158–9, 206–7
- Sturmy, Robert, 48
- Suffolk, Duke of, 155, 172
- superiors, 99–100, 139, 165, 167
- Surrey, 103, 165, 191
- Sussex, 9, 44, 197
- Sutton, John VI, 155
- Symondes, Master, 84, 98
- Talbot, Gilbert, 168, 170
- tapestry, 50, 138
- Tasler, John, 17
- Távora, Teresa de, 196
- tenants, 20, 61, 163
- Tenby, 23, 46
- tenements, 50, 56–8, 61, 161
- tenures, 84, 138, 156–7, 169, 191
- Teron, Thomas, 164
- testament, 47–8, 55, 95, 206
- testamentary provisions, 48, 50, 55
- Tewkesbury, 43, 165, 168
- Thérouanne, 187, 192
- Thomas, Earl of Surrey, 103
- Thomas, John, 54–5
- Thomas ap Jenkyn, 123
- Thornbury, 43, 104–5
- Thorne, Robert, 131
- Throckmorton, George, 171
- Tibbottes, Richard, 53
- Tomkes, alias Weaver, John, 56
- Tonell, Richard, 131
- Tournai, 30, 183–94
- town governance. See urban governance
- town governments. See urban government
- town guilds, 8, 16, 119, 144, 154
- towns, 21–3, 38–9, 42–6, 119–22, 124, 127–8, 138–9, 142–4, 158–62, 191. See also individual towns
- Towres, Elizabeth, 25
- Towres, Roger, 23–5
- trade, 45, 86, 121–2, 132, 135, 186, 188, 194–5
- transactions, 49, 57–8, 60, 191
- treasurers, 104, 188, 192
- treasury, 50–52, 103
- Trentham, Richard, 170
- Trentham, Thomas, Junior, 123
- trust, 54–5, 163
- Turnor, John, 192
- Twisse, Richard, 90
- Wales, 4, 9, 45–7, 73–5, 97–8, 102–3, 138–9, 153–4, 189–91, 197–8
- Walker, Hugh, 123
- Walker, John, 58
- Walker, Thomas, 58–9
- Walker, William, 159
- Wall, Henry, 55, 134–5
- Wall, John, 53
- Walsingham, 42, 63, 71
- Warde, Thomas, 134
- wardens, 3–4, 51–2, 56, 58–9, 133–4, 141, 161, 164, 183–7, 192
- Warden’s Nut, 50–51
- Waren, Thomas, 86
- Warings, Thomas, 134
- Warwick, 22, 43, 138
- Warwickshire, 99, 154–5, 167, 169–71
- watermarks, 27
- Waxchandlers, 140
- Weale, Edmund, 123
- Wednesbury, John, 191
- Wellesley, Katherine, 195
- Welsh, Robert, 134
- Welshe, John, 195–6
- Welsh Marches, 30, 138, 143, 153–4, 158, 173, 188–9
- Welshpool, 27, 197
- Westbury, 43, 95
- Westley, Richard, 134
- Wetnell, Walter, 123
- Whelar, Thomas, 45
- Whethill, Richard, 192
- White, Hugh, 134
- White, Thomas, 55, 85, 188
- White, William, 134, 139
- widows, 16, 22, 50, 57, 95
- Wigmore, 6, 46, 88, 195
- Wigson, William, 134
- Wigston, Roger, 156, 158
- Wilcox, John, 139
- Wilkins, Richard, 85
- Wilkyns, John, 131
- William ap Madoc, 27
- William ap Rees, 97
- William Lendal, William I, 139
- Williams, John, 126–7
- Williams, Thomas, 50
- Willoughby, Anthony, 81, 156, 165
- Wiltshire, 20, 39, 95, 167
- wine, 42–3, 45, 52, 61, 86, 96, 194–5
- Wiston, 48, 91, 98
- witnesses, 20, 54–7, 59–60, 164
- Wodington, Thomas, 190
- Wogan, Anna, 98
- Wogan, John, 91, 98, 170, 192
- Wolsey, Thomas, 159, 162, 186–7, 189, 192
- women, 5–6, 8, 29, 90–91, 153, 160, 194, 196–7
- Woode, John, 134
- Woodville, Elizabeth, 16, 101, 140
- Worcester, 43, 119, 121–2, 124–9, 132–3, 143, 163, 165, 186–91
- bishops of, 54, 186–7, 189–90
- Priory, 163, 165
- Worcestershire, 39, 42, 46, 58, 85, 127, 157, 167–9, 171, 190
- Wortley, Richard, 123
- Wright, Eleanor, 22
- Wriothesley, Thomas, 166
- Wylde, Alice, 97
- Wymfold, Diane, 42
- Wymfold, Richard, 42
- Wynter, Roger, 168