Available to purchase in print or download for free at https://uolpress.co.uk/

First published 2025 byUniversity of London PressSenate House, Malet St, London WC1E 7HU

© Rachael Harkes 2025

The right of Rachael Harkes to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.

Any third-party material reproduced in the book is not covered by the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in the image or text’s credit line. To reuse third-party material not published under the same licence as the book you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holder.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library.

ISBN 978-1-908590-66-4 (hardback)

ISBN 978-1-908590-67-1 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-908590-69-5 (.epub)

ISBN 978-1-908590-68-8 (.pdf)

ISBN 978-1-911507-98-7 (.html)

DOI https://doi.org/10.63674/ssgx3409

Cover image: Detail from stained-glass window in the Palmers’

Guild Chapel, St Laurence’s Church, Ludlow. Copyright: Granpic

Cover design for University of London Press by Hayley Warnham. Book design by Nigel French. Text set by Westchester Publishing Services UK in Meta Serif and Meta, designed by Erik Spiekermann.