Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians, Union of Democratic Control, MSS.78/5/14/159, A Souvenir of the Great Empire Air Day of 1934 (leaflet)

National Aerospace Library (Royal Aeronautical Society), Farnborough

Air League of the British Empire, Facts about Flying and the Civil Uses of Aviation. London: Air League of the British Empire, 1923

ENV16A, The Aerial League of Australia

ENV16C, Aerial League of the British Empire

National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh

The Navy League Sea and Air Map of the World (1930)

National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London

Arnold White Papers

Lionel Graham Horton Papers

Navy League Papers and Publications

Society for Nautical Research Papers

National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh

Papers of the Balfour Family of Whittingehame, East Lothian, Earls of Balfour, A.J. Balfour Papers

Northumberland Archives, Woodhorn

Northumberland Schools’ Log Books, 1880–1949

Nuffield College, University of Oxford

John Edward Bernard Seely, Lord Mottistone Papers

Lord Nuffield Papers

Parliamentary Archives, London

Association of Lord-Lieutenants of Counties Papers

Sir Patrick Joseph Henry Hannon Papers

Peace Pledge Union Archive, London

‘Burn the Babies!’ Leaflet, 1937

Peace Pledge Union Minute Book, 1937–9

Portsmouth History Centre

The Naval Collection

Navy Week Programmes

Royal Air Force Museum, London

006870, Royal Air Force Official Programme: Empire Air Day 1939

014145, Pamphlet, ‘Who are these Air Defence Cadets?’, 1940

AC75/23/17, Women’s Aerial League

AC1998/23/43, ‘Air Disarmament’

Air League Correspondence

Lord Brabazon of Tara Papers

Royal Aero Club Papers

X002-6909, Air Defence Cadet Corps: Rules and Regulations. London: Air League of the British Empire, 1938

Royal Archives, Windsor

Edward VIII, Prince of Wales Papers

King George V Papers

King George VI Papers

The London Archives

London County Council, Education Committee Minutes, 1935–9

Navy League Papers

The National Archives, Kew

Admiralty Records

Air Ministry Records

Board of Trade Records

Cabinet Office Records

Department of Education Records

Ministry of Aviation Records

Ministry of Health Records

Security Service Records

Treasury Records

Select newspapers and periodicals

Air

Air and Airways

Air Defence Cadet Corps Gazette

Air League Bulletin

Air Review

Air Training Corps Gazette

Brassey’s Naval and Shipping Annual

Daily Express

Daily Herald

Daily Mail

Daily Worker

Dundee Courier

Flight

Flying

Hampshire Telegraph

Headway

Hull Daily Mail

Kent & Sussex Courier

London Evening Standard

News Chronicle

Peace News

Popular Flying

Portsmouth Evening News

The Aberdeen Press

The Aerial League Bulletin

The Aerial Observer

The Aero

The Aero-Modeller

The Aeroplane

The Air Mail

The Army and Navy Gazette

The Coming Day

The Daily Mirror

The Daily Telegraph

The Illustrated London News

The Manchester Courier

The Manchester Guardian

The Morning Post

The Naval & Military Record and Royal Dockyards Gazette

The Navy

The Navy League Journal

The Navy League Journal (New South Wales Branch)

The Navy League Quarterly

The New Commonwealth

The Nottingham Evening Post

The Observer

The Scotsman

The Sea Cadet

The Seven Seas

The Skybird

The Spectator

The Times

The Western Morning News

The Yorkshire Evening Post

The Yorkshire Post

Western Daily Press

Western Mail

Official papers and published documents

Hansard

House of Commons Debates, 5th series

House of Lords Debates, 5th series

Reports

Royal Commission on the Private Manufacture of and Trading in Arms, Minutes of Evidence. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1935–6.

Royal Commission on the Private Manufacture of and Trading in Arms (1935–6), Report. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1936.

Books, articles and pamphlets

Air League of the British Empire. A Drill Book for the Air Training Corps. London: Air League of the British Empire, 1943.
Air League of the British Empire. ‘Remember the Power of the Newest Bombs’. London: Air League of the British Empire, 1922.
Angell, Norman. The Menace to Our National Defence. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1934.
Attlee, Clement R. An International Police Force. London: The Labour Party, 1934.
Brockway, Fenner. The Bloody Traffic. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1933.
Brockway, Fenner and Mullally, Frederic. Death Pays a Dividend. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1944.
Carr, E.H. The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1939.
Chelwood, Viscount Cecil of. All the Way. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1949.
Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War, Volume One: The Gathering Storm. London: Cassell & Co. Ltd, 1950 ed.
Davies, David. The Problem of the Twentieth Century. London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1930.
Graves, Robert and Hodge, Alan. The Long Weekend: A Social History of Great Britain, 1918–1939. London: Faber & Faber, 1940.
Groves, P.R.C. Behind the Smoke Screen. London: Faber and Faber Ltd, 1934.
Haxey, Simon. Tory M.P. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1939.
Kenworthy, J.M. Will Civilisation Crash? London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1927.
MacDonald, Ramsay. National Defence: A Study in Militarism. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1917.
Navy League. Navy League Jubilee Year Book and Diary. London: The Navy League, 1944.
Navy League. Pocket Manual for the Navy League Naval Units and Sea Cadet Corps. London: The Navy League, 1939 ed.
New Commonwealth. The Aims and Objects of the New Commonwealth. London: The New Commonwealth Society, 1932.
Nichols, Beverley. Cry Havoc! London: Jonathan Cape, 1933.
Noel-Baker, Philip. The First World Disarmament Conference 1932–1933 and Why it Failed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1979.
Noel-Baker, Philip. ‘The International Air Police Force’. In Challenge to Death, edited by Storm Jameson, 206–39. London: Constable & Co. Ltd, 1934.
Noel-Baker, Philip. The Private Manufacture of Armaments: Volume I. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1936.
Orwell, George. ‘My Country Right or Left’, Folios of New Writing, 2 (Autumn, 1940): 36–41.
Pekin, L.B. Public Schools: Their Failure and Their Reform. London: The Hogarth Press, 1932.
Playne, Caroline E. The Pre-War Mind in Britain: An Historical Review. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1928.
Sheppard, H.R.L. We Say “No”: The Plain Man’s Guide to Pacifism. London: John Murray, 1935.
Sutherland, The Duke of. ‘The Air League’. In The Air Annual of the British Empire, edited by Cyril G. Burge, 35–42. London: Gale & Polden, 1929.
Taylor, Leonard, ed. The Story of the Air Training Corps. London: Air League of the British Empire, 1946.
Thwaites, Norman G. The Menace of Aerial Gas Bombardment. London: The New Commonwealth Society, 1934.
Union of Democratic Control. The Secret International: Armament Firms at Work. London: Union of Democratic Control, 1932.
Vagts, Alfred. A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military. London: Meridian Books, 1959 ed.

Published diaries and memoirs

Brett, Maurice V., ed. Journals and Letters of Reginald, Viscount Esher: Vol. 2, 1903–1910. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson Ltd, 1934–8.
Portsmouth, The Earl of. A Knot of Roots: An Autobiography. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1965.
Rothermere, Viscount. My Fight to Rearm Britain. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1939.
Sutherland, Duke of, George Granville Sutherland-Leveson-Gower. Looking Back: The Autobiography of the Duke of Sutherland. London: Odhams Press, 1957.
Tara, Lord Brabazon of. The Brabazon Story. London: William Heinemann Ltd, 1956.
Thwaites, Lieut.-Col. Norman. Velvet and Vinegar. London: Grayson and Grayson, 1932.

Digital resources

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Lloyd, George Ambrose, first Baron Lloyd: https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-34567?rskey=eDMENv&result=10; Seely, John Edward Bernard, first Baron Mottistone: https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36007

Newsreels

British Movietone

British Pathé

Gaumont British

Secondary sources

Books

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Barker, Rachel. Conscience, Government and War: Conscientious Objection in Great Britain 1939–45. London: Routledge, 1982.
Beaumont, Roger. Right Backed by Might: The International Air Force Concept. Westport, CT; London: Praeger Publishers, 2001.
Bell, Christopher M. The Royal Navy, Seapower and Strategy Between the Wars. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Berghahn, Volker R. Militarism: The History of an International Debate 1861–1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984 ed.
Bialer, Uri. The Shadow of the Bomber: The Fear of Air Attack and British Politics. London: Royal Historical Society, 1980.
Biddle, Tami D. Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002.
Birn, Donald. The League of Nations Union 1918–1945. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981.
Bishop, Edward. The Debt We Owe: The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund 1919–1969. London: Longmans, 1969.
Bond, Brian, ed. Chief of Staff: The Diaries of Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Pownall, Volume One: 1933–1940. London: Leo Cooper Ltd, 1973.
Bönker, Dirk. Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States Before World War I. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012.
Cannadine, David. Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.
Cannadine, David. Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire. London: Allen Lane, 2001.
Cannadine, David. ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the “Invention of Tradition”, c.1820–1977’. In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 101–64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Ceadel, Martin. ‘Interpreting East Fulham’. In By-Elections in British Politics, edited by Chris Cook and John Ramsden, 94–111. London: Routledge, 1973.
Ceadel, Martin. Pacifism in Britain 1914–1945: The Defining of a Faith. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Cesario, Bradley. New Crusade: The Royal Navy and British Navalism, 1884–1914. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2021.
Charmley, John. Lord Lloyd and the Decline of the British Empire. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987.
Coates, Anthony J. The Ethics of War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997.
Coetzee, Frans. For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Cole, Laurence. Military Culture and Popular Patriotism in Late Imperial Austria. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Collins, L.J. Cadets: The Impact of War on the Cadet Movement. Oldham: Jade Publishing Ltd, 2001.
Colville, Quintin and Davey, James, eds. A New Naval History. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019.
Conley, Mary. ‘ “Faithful unto Death”: Commemorating Jack Cornwell’s Service in the Battle of Jutland’. In Other Combatants, Other Fronts: Competing Histories of the First World War, edited by James E. Kitchen, Alisa Miller and Laura Rowe, 55–76. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
Conley, Mary. From Jack Tar to Union Jack: Representing Naval Manhood in the British Empire, 1870–1918. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.
Connelly, Mark. The Great War, Memory and Ritual: Commemoration in the City and East London, 1916–1939. Woodbridge: The Royal Historical Society, 2002.
Czisnik, Marianne. ‘Commemorating Trafalgar: Public Celebration and National Identity’. In Trafalgar in History: A Battle and Its Afterlife, edited by David Cannadine, 139–54. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Dietz, Bernhard. Neo-Tories: The Revolt of British Conservatives Against Democracy and Political Modernity (1929–1939). London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.
Dorril, Stephen. Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism. London: Viking, 2006.
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Edgerton, David. The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History. London: Allen Lane, 2018.
Edgerton, David. Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Edwards, Sian. Youth Movements, Citizenship and the English Countryside: Creating Good Citizens, 1930–1960. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
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Fleming, N.C. ‘Navalism and Masculinity Before the First World War’. In Negotiating Masculinities and Modernity in the Maritime World, 1815–1940, edited by Karen Downing, Johnathan Thayer and Joanne Begiato, 245–65. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.
Fleming, N.C. ‘The Navy League, the Rising Generation and the First World War’. In Histories, Memories and Representations of Being Young in the First World War, edited by Maggie Andrews, N.C. Fleming and Marcus Morris, 97–118. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
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Francis, Martin. The Flyer: British Culture and the Royal Air Force, 1939–1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Fritzche, Peter. A Nation of Fliers: German Aviation and the Popular Imagination. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1992.
Fussell, Paul. The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Gibbs, N.H. Grand Strategy Volume 1: Rearmament Policy. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1976.
Gillis, John R., ed. The Militarization of the Western World. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Goebel, Stefan. The Great War and Medieval Memory: War, Remembrance and Medievalism in Britain and Germany, 1914–1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Gollin, Alfred. The Impact of Air Power on the British People and Their Government, 1909–14. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1989.
Gorman, Daniel. The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Gottlieb, Julie V. Feminine Fascism: Women in Britain’s Fascist Movement. London: Bloomsbury, 2003.
Grayzel, Susan R. At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Grayzel, Susan R. The Age of the Gas Mask: How British Civilians Faced the Terrors of Total War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
Gregory, Adrian. The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day, 1919–1946. Oxford: Berg, 1994.
Griffiths, John. Imperial Culture in Antipodean Cities, 1880–1939. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Griffiths, Richard. Fellow Travellers of the Right: British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany 1933–1939. London: Constable, 1980.
Griffiths, Richard. Patriotism Perverted: Captain Ramsay, The Right Club and British Anti-Semitism 1939–1940. London: Constable, 1998.
Haapamaki, Michele. The Coming of the Aerial War: Culture and the Fear of Airborne Attack in Inter-War Britain. London: I.B. Tauris, 2014.
Hamilton, W. Mark. The Nation and the Navy: Methods and Organization of British Navalist Propaganda, 1889–1914. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.
Harding, Richard. Modern Naval History: Debates and Prospects. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.
Heaslip, Matthew. Gunboats, Empire and the China Station: The Royal Navy in 1920s East Asia. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020.
Hendley, Matthew C. Organized Patriotism and the Crucible of War: Popular Imperialism in Britain, 1914–1932. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2012.
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, Terence, eds. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Holman, Brett. ‘Spectre and Spectacle: Mock Air Raids as Aerial Theatre in Interwar Britain’. In Aviation in the Literature and Culture of Interwar Britain, edited by Michael McCluskey and Luke Seaber, 227–50. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
Holman, Brett. The Next War in the Air: Britain’s Fear of the Bomber, 1908–1941. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2014.
Howard, Michael. War and the Liberal Conscience. London: Maurice Temple Smith, 1978.
Howard, Michael. War in European History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Hull, Isabel V. Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005.
Humphries, Stephen. Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-Class Childhood and Youth, 1889–1939. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1981.
Huxley, Gervas. Lady Denman, C.B.E. 1884–1954. London: Chatto & Windus, 1961.
Hynes, Samuel. The Edwardian Turn of Mind. London: Pimlico, 1968.
Imlay, Talbot C. The Practice of Socialist Internationalism: European Socialists and International Politics, 1914–1960. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
Johnson, Matthew. Militarism and the British Left, 1902–1914. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Kent, Susan Kingsley. Aftershocks: Politics and Trauma in Britain, 1918–1931. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
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Kitching, Carolyn J. Britain and the Geneva Disarmament Conference: A Study in International History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Koselleck, Reinhart. The Practice of Conceptual History: Timing History, Spacing Concepts. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.
Koss, Stephen. The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain. London: Hamilton, 1984.
Krause, Keith. Arms and the State: Patterns of Military Production and Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Kyba, Patrick. Covenants Without the Sword: Public Opinion and British Defence Policy, 1931–1935. Waterloo, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1983.
Lambert, Andrew. ‘An Entente Centenary: Commemorating Trafalgar Without Wounding “The Susceptibilities of France”’. In The Age of Anniversaries: The Cult of Commemoration, 1895–1925, edited by T.G. Otte, 61–81. London: Routledge, 2018.
Laqua, Daniel. The Age of Internationalism and Belgium, 1880–1930: Peace, Progress and Prestige. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.
Light, Alison. Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars. London: Routledge, 1991.
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Articles

Adey, Peter. ‘ “Ten Thousand Lads with Shining Eyes Are Dreaming and Their Dreams Are Wings”: Affect, Airmindedness and the Birth of the Aerial Subject’, Cultural Geographies, 18 (2011): 63–89.
Anderson, David G. ‘British Rearmament and the “Merchants of Death”: The 1935–36 Royal Commission on the Manufacture of and Trade in Armaments’, Journal of Contemporary History, 29 (1994): 5–37.
Bartie et al., Angela. ‘ “And Those Who Live, How Shall I Tell Their Fame?” Historical Pageants, Collective Remembrance and the First World War, 1919–39’, Historical Research, 90 (2017): 636–61.
Bialer, Uri. ‘Elite Opinion and Defence Policy: Air Power Advocacy and British Rearmament during the 1930s’, British Journal of International Studies, 6 (1980): 32–51.
Bueltmann, Tanja and Robinson, Lesley C. ‘Making Home in a Sojourner World: Organised Ethnicity and British Associationalism in Singapore, c1880s–1930s’, Britain and the World, 9 (2016): 161–96.
Ceadel, Martin. ‘The First British Referendum: The Peace Ballot, 1934–5’, The English Historical Review, 95 (1980): 810–39.
Ceadel, Martin. ‘The “King and Country” Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators’, The Historical Journal, 22 (1979): 397–422.
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Unpublished theses

Davenport-Hines, Richard. ‘The British Armaments Industry During Disarmament, 1918–1936’. Unpub. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, 1979.
Morley, Robert M. ‘The Screen’s Threatening Skies: Aerial Warfare and British Cinema, 1927–1939’. Unpub. PhD thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 2014.
Packard, Edward F. ‘Whitehall, Industrial Mobilisation and the Private Manufacture of Armaments: British State-Industry Relations, 1918–1936’. Unpub. PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2009.
Zander, Patrick G. ‘Right Modern: Technology, Nation, and Britain’s Extreme Right in the Interwar Period (1919–1940)’. Unpub. PhD thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.

Index