Index

Abyssinia, invasion of, 107, 130, 217
Acworth, Captain Bernard, 36
Admiralty, 15, 74, 88, 97, 193, 201
criticism from the Navy League, 8
links of personnel with the Navy League, 29–30, 38–9, 95, 244
and the Sea Cadet Corps, 148–50, 154–5, 159–60, 168, 252–3, 255
reluctance of the Navy League to criticise, 25, 75, 95
support of the Navy League, 3, 16, 39, 61, 111, 244, 250–52
and Trafalgar Day, 186, 199, 250
aerial bombardment, 11, 13–14, 76–9, 99, 125, 211, 217, 228, 254. See also air control, Air League and imperial policing, Air League and a knock-out blow from the air, Air League warnings concerning aerial bombardment, atomic bomb
abolition of, 71–2, 76, 129, 227
defence against, 106–8. See also air raid precautions
fear of, 10, 13, 76, 90, 100, 122, 225, 229, 249, 257
liberal internationalist enthusiasm for, 9–10, 76, 239
Aerial League of the British Empire. See Air League of the British Empire
aerial theatre, 14, 16, 42, 123–5, 211–13, 216, 240, 243. See also Air League and aerial theatre, Empire Air Day, Hendon Air Display
The Aeroplane, 32, 78, 211, 214, 219, 221, 227
air control, 72, 79, 95, 129–30, 194, 213, 222, 244
Air Defence Cadet Corps, 5, 16, 32, 153, 244
activities of, 102, 157, 159
aims of, 148, 163
Air Ministry support of, 148, 156, 169
and citizenship, 12, 148, 157, 161, 241
and civil defence, 171, 241, 254
and class, 160, 163
comparisons with fascist youth organisations, 161–2
creation of, 148, 156
and duty, 12, 148, 157, 169–70, 241
funding sources, 40, 102, 157
leadership of, 38, 40
and masculinity, 12, 148, 157, 159–61
militarism of, 157, 162, 164, 167, 170–71
and military service, 148–9, 156, 160–64, 168–9, 241
and national identity, 148, 159
organisation of, 157, 159
and physical culture, 12, 159–61
and popular civic ritual, 164
and the Second World War, 149, 170–71, 253–6
air estimates, 92, 105–6
Air League of India, 138–9
Air League of the British Empire
activities, 1–2, 5, 26, 32, 62, 132–4, 240–42
and aerial theatre, 16, 42, 123–5, 213, 240, 243–5. See also Empire Air Day
aims, 2–3, 5, 8, 15, 26–7, 31, 38, 61–3, 92–3, 101, 244
and the Air Ministry. See Air Ministry
annual general meeting, 40, 71, 105, 129, 222, 245–6
branches, 32, 43, 120, 138–9
charitable work, 15, 28, 40, 45–6, 216, 241
and civil aviation. See civil aviation
and civil defence, 90, 106–8, 219, 225. See also national defence and the Air League
and class, 27, 32, 34, 160, 163, 217–18
and co-operation with the Navy League, 64, 97–8
disarmament. See disarmament and the Air League
dominion branches, 32, 120, 138–9, 243
and the far right, 4, 15, 34–5, 37–8, 45, 244
educational work, 16, 134–5, 152, 167, 253. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, schoolchildren and the Air League, schools and the Air League, universities and the Air League
formation, 5, 26–7
funding sources, 31, 34, 101–5, 157
and the Hands Off Britain Air Defence League, 99
and imperial policing, 16, 71–2, 79, 120, 129–30, 244. See also air control
and imperial unity, 16, 120, 127–9, 134, 139, 222, 243
and a knock-out blow from the air, 10, 90–91, 95, 107
leadership, 5, 15, 28–9, 31, 123
and the League of Nations Union. See League of Nations Union and the Air League
membership, 5, 15, 17, 27, 31–4, 38–41, 56, 63, 102–3, 244
and militarism. See Air League and accusations of militarism
and modernity, 11, 14, 123–5, 139, 243, 245
and national identity, 41, 122–4, 222–3. See also patriotism and the Air League
and the National League of Airmen, 98–9
pacifism. See pacifism and the Air League
periodicals and publications, 5, 15, 31, 92, 134–5, 152, 159, 241, 253–4
political orientation, 3, 34–5, 244
and the private manufacture of armaments, 1, 16, 34, 72, 100–105, 244–5
promotion of airmindedness, 5, 12, 16, 32, 122–3, 133, 138, 148, 153
and the promotion of air power, 1, 3, 5, 11, 15–17, 23–4, 26, 32, 45–6, 55–6, 72, 89, 92, 94–5, 119, 134, 240–42, 245–6, 256
and rearmament, 16, 37, 94–5, 105–6, 112, 246
and the Royal Aero Club, 33, 44, 71
and the Royal Aeronautical Society, 33, 44, 71
and the Royal Navy, 13–14, 120, 139
and technological innovation, 14, 122–5, 139, 243, 245–6. See also Empire Air Day as a manifestation of power, modernity and technological innovation
warnings concerning aerial bombardment, 23, 90–92. See also atomic bomb and the Air League
women’s roles, 15, 26, 42–4, 241–2. See also Women’s Aerial League, Women’s Air League Committee
and xenophobia, 16, 129–30
and youth, 12, 151–3, 241. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, schoolchildren and the Air League, schools and the Air League
air mail, 128
airmindedness
and aerial theatre, 14, 211–13, 217, 219, 222, 224
of British society, 14, 32, 211, 217, 219
of British youth, 16, 148, 153, 157, 161, 219–21
and class, 32
and empire, 132–3, 138, 222
existence of, 26, 32, 42, 123, 132–3, 138, 212
and national identity, 41, 122–4
Air Ministry, 15
and the Air Defence Cadet Corps, 148–9, 156–7, 161, 169–70, 254–6
criticism from the Air League, 8, 93, 101–2
and Empire Air Day, 214–17, 222–6
influence on Air League policy, 97–8
and an international air police force, 78
links of personnel with the Air League, 3, 39–41, 63, 98, 244
reluctance of the Air League to criticise, 32, 40
support of the Air League, 16, 31, 40, 89, 91–2, 138, 244
support from the Air League, 71–2, 105
air power, 75, 78, 96, 135. See also Air League and the promotion of air power
theorists, 33, 62
air raid precautions, 107–8, 157, 168, 171, 225, 252
Air Training Corps, 167, 255–6
Aldershot Command Searchlight Tattoo, 11, 180, 229, 240
Amery, Leopold, 36, 59, 104, 125, 199, 244
Anderson, Sir John, 225
Angell, Norman, 63, 65, 76, 165, 244
Anglo-German Fellowship, 35–8
Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 56, 70, 73–4
anti-war, 100
groups, 13, 15, 68, 81, 213–14, 221, 228, 245–6
publications, 10, 76, 195
sentiment, 1–2, 9–10, 15, 58, 61, 78, 81, 147, 239–40
Armistice Day, 204, 254
armistice, the, 23–5, 90, 195
arms limitation, 15, 25, 56–7, 63, 66, 239
Armstrong-Whitworth, 102, 104
atomic bomb, 76
and the Air League, 257
and the Navy League, 253, 257
Attlee, Clement, 77, 101, 245
Australia, 28, 32, 125, 131, 133, 135–9, 171, 222
Alan Cobham flight, 31, 122, 212
Amy Johnson flight, 123, 133, 212
aviation, 16, 96, 122–3, 133, 213. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, civil aviation, international air police force, Empire Air Day
development of, 13–14, 26, 91
enthusiasm for, 14, 32, 66
journals, 5, 31–2, 78, 95, 219. See also Flight, The Aeroplane
pioneers. See aviators
societies, 15, 33, 99–100
Women’s Air League Committee and, 43–4
aviators, 99, 122–3, 128, 132–3, 212, 221
Air League’s promotion of, 5, 43–4, 122–4, 132–3, 152, 156, 221, 243

Backhouse, Admiral Sir Roger, 111, 168
Baden-Powell, Robert, 11, 147, 163
Bailey, Lady, 43–4, 123
Baldwin, Stanley, 36, 77, 90, 213
and the Air League, 94–5, 105–6, 227, 244, 257
and the Navy League, 59–60, 73, 110, 202, 242, 244
Balfour, Arthur, 27, 61, 189
Balfour, Harold, 55, 63, 65, 94, 254–5
Bartley-Denniss, Sir Edmund, 92, 101
Batten, Jean, 221
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 64, 93, 197, 250–51
Beatty, First Earl David, 39, 131, 154, 189, 199, 202
Beatty, Second Earl David, 249
Beaverbrook, Lord, 10, 255
Bedford, Duchess of, 43, 123
Bishop, H.T., 164, 168
Bonar Law, Andrew, 95, 242
Bott, Alan, 31, 70
Boys’ Brigade, 11, 153, 163, 191
Boys’ Naval Brigade, 137, 149–50, 159
Boy Scouts, 11, 102, 147, 151–3, 163–4, 191
British Army, 11, 61, 73, 112, 119, 180, 195, 214, 222, 256
British Empire Exhibition, 132, 213
British Fascists, 35–6
British Movietone, 197, 223
British Pathé, 197, 223
British Union of Fascists, 35–7, 99–100, 226
Brittain, Sir Harry, 38, 103
Brockway, Fenner, 100, 103, 244
Burnham, Viscount, 33, 40, 133

Cabinet, 56, 71, 73, 109, 124
Canada, 28, 32, 131, 135, 137, 139, 171, 222
Carson of Duncairn, Lord, 36
Cecil, Lord Robert, 10, 56, 63–5, 94, 244
Chamberlain, Austen, 27
Chamberlain, Neville, 73, 110, 223–5
Chamier, J.A., 31, 39, 69, 93
and the Air Defence Cadet Corps, 156–9, 255
appointment as Air League secretary general, 76, 102
in the Air Ministry, 37
influence of the Air Ministry on, 97
and armament manufacturers, 102–3
and civil defence, 107–8
and Empire Air Day, 215–17, 223, 229
and the Hands Off Britain Air Defence League, 99
influence in the House of Commons, 94, 129
and the internationalisation of aviation, 76, 79
and the Royal Flying Corps, 37
Chatfield, Lord Ernle, 39, 97, 163
chief of the Air Staff, 40, 93, 97–8, 215
Churchill, Winston, 10, 13, 39, 68, 77, 244
and the Air League, 27, 91, 255
and the Navy League, 37, 59–61, 97, 109, 125, 189, 199, 201, 252, 256
citizenship, 12, 148, 157, 171, 241
Civil Air Guard, 108
civil aviation, 40, 66, 94, 212–13
Air League and convertibility, 66–7, 78–9
Air League’s failure to lobby for, 33
Air League and the internationalisation of, 66, 72, 76, 106. See also Air League and an international air police force
Air League and promotion of, 45, 56, 61–2, 71, 92–3, 125, 134, 240
internationalisation of, 72, 76–7, 106
Clydesdale, Marquess of, 31, 38, 133
Cobb, Sir Cyril, 29, 58, 119, 135
Cobham, Sir Alan, 31, 103, 122–3, 132, 212–13
collective security, 1, 2, 15, 25, 56–7, 63, 78, 81, 165, 246
and the Peace Ballot, 10
Navy League’s opposition to, 30, 200, 203
Navy League’s promotion of, 58, 200, 239
Collingwood, Admiral Lord, 191
commemoration, 2, 16, 136, 179, 246. See also Trafalgar Day
Communist Party of Great Britain, 228, 245
conscription, 8–9, 162, 188
Conservative Party, 37, 59, 244
Cooper, Alfred Duff, 111–12
Craven, Sir Charles, 104
Curzon, Lord, 27, 59, 125, 244
Cust, Henry, 4

Davies, David, 63, 76–8, 244
Defence Requirements Committee, 39, 109
Defence White Paper, 73, 75
Delme-Radcliffe, Sir Charles, 65
Denman, Lady, 68–9
Denny, Commander H.M., 61
disarmament, 2, 56–7, 70, 76, 78, 95, 193, 197, 227, 246. See also Geneva Naval Conference, League of Nations Union and disarmament, London Naval Conference (1930), London Naval Conference (1935–6), Washington Naval Treaty, World Disarmament Conference
and the Air League, 15, 56–7, 62–8, 70–72, 76, 78, 81, 102, 239–40, 242–3, 256
naval disarmament treaties, 12, 29, 56–60, 73–5, 109, 200
and the Navy League, 15, 30, 56–7, 63–9, 72–3, 81, 121–2, 136, 200, 202–3, 239–40
Philip Noel-Baker and, 1, 10, 81, 103
and the Peace Ballot, 10, 66
support for, 2, 12, 56–7
dominions, 16, 125, 127
and the Air League, 128, 138–9, 243
and the Navy League, 127, 131, 135–8, 171, 186, 202, 243, 252
Doyle, Arthur Conan, 182–3

Edward, prince of Wales, 93, 111, 120, 153, 199, 227
Elibank, Lady, 43–4
Empire Air Day, 11, 102
activities on, 215
aims of, 215
and airmindedness, 211, 217–19
Air Ministry support of, 216, 227
creation of, 32, 215
and class, 32, 217–9
and empire, 129, 133–4, 211, 221–2, 231
as a manifestation of power, modernity and technological innovation, 11, 16–17, 38, 212, 223–4, 231, 240
militarisation of, 211, 215–16
militarism of, 212, 221, 223–5, 227–9, 240
and military preparedness, 212, 223–4
and nation, 211–12, 222–3, 231
as a recruitment tool, 216–17, 221
responses to, 225–9
risks surrounding, 229–31
and the royal family, 212, 227, 244
and youth, 164, 211, 219–21, 231
Empire Cruise, 131
Empire Day, 134, 137, 180, 194–5, 222, 231
Empire Marketing Board, 128
England, Gordon, 103
English Mistery, 35–6
English Review Group, 36
Esher, Lord, 27–8
ex-servicemen, 3, 5, 29–31, 38, 95, 157, 197

Fairey, C.R., 101–2
fascism, 5, 34, 37
femininity, 41, 161, 242
fleet review, 11, 164, 180, 192, 194, 204, 212
Flight, 27, 31, 98, 153, 219
Foreign Office, 61, 71
Foster, Philip, 31, 97
France, 26, 42, 60, 70, 74, 181, 183, 185, 188, 198, 203
First World War, 15–16, 39, 78, 98, 110, 136, 180, 212–13, 244
Air League during, 28, 45
Air League prior to, 5, 26–7, 42–3
causes of, 56
as a crucible, 9
dissolution of militarism following, 1–2, 11, 24, 147, 239
experience of air raids during, 13
growth of militarism prior to, 24
impact on British society, 10, 57
Navy League during, 25, 41, 44–5
Navy League prior to, 4, 24–6, 127
as a rupture, 13, 147, 195, 239
survival of militarism after, 2, 9, 17, 24, 46, 194–5, 239, 246
and Trafalgar Day. See Trafalgar Day and the First World War
and youth, 11–12, 147, 160–61. See also Boys’ Naval Brigade
Freemantle, Sir Edmund, 36
Freemantle, Sir Sydney, 36, 251

gas, 13, 107, 126, 130, 219, 221, 224, 228
gas mask, 219, 221, 224
Gaumont British, 197, 223
Geneva Naval Conference, 29, 56, 59–60, 200
George V, 189, 194, 227
George VI, 164, 194, 199, 202, 227, 253, 255
Germany, 6, 36, 38, 42, 70, 74, 95, 112, 161, 224, 226
Grahame-White, Claude, 213
Groves, P.R.C., 31, 33–5, 39, 55, 61–5, 69, 91–3, 101–2
Guernica, 107, 217
Guest, Frederick, 31, 34, 39, 70–71, 94, 98
gunboat diplomacy, 16, 126, 244. See also Royal Navy as a tool of imperial policing

Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas, 189
Handley Page, Frederick, 101, 103–4, 138
Hands Off Britain Air Defence League, 99–100
Hannon, Patrick, 36, 55, 99, 104
Hearne, R.P., 90
Heath, Lady, 43–4, 123
Hendon Air Display, 11, 129, 180, 213–19, 222, 226, 229–30, 240
Hitler, Adolf, 35, 38
Hitler Youth, 162, 164
Hoare, Sir Samuel, 40, 93, 101–2, 111, 199, 201, 244
Hopwood, Rear-Admiral Ronald A., 58
House of Commons, 90, 92, 94, 101, 109–10, 242
House of Lords, 38, 73, 94, 109–10, 242
Houston, Lady, 35–6, 41, 74, 124, 156
Howe, Earl, 164

Imperial Airways, 128–9, 133, 222
Imperial Chemical Industries, 102, 104
imperialism, 5, 120, 127, 182, 213, 226, 244–5
Independent Labour Party, 69, 78, 151, 214, 245
India, 129, 135, 138–9, 222
Inskip, Sir Thomas, 154
insularity, 12–14, 120–21
Air League and, 13, 16, 27, 119, 243
Navy League and, 13–14, 16, 119–21, 139, 243
international air police force, 56, 66, 76–9, 80, 94, 106, 129
Air League and an, 66, 76, 78–81, 106
internationalism, 1–2, 11, 15, 76–9, 81, 105, 147, 198, 200, 203, 239
islandhood, 12–14, 26, 120–22
Air League and, 13, 16, 92, 119–20, 139, 243
Navy League and, 13–14, 16, 119–21, 125–6, 139, 181, 192, 243
Italy, 38, 60, 74, 107, 130, 161, 164, 217, 226

January Club, 35–8
Japan, 59–60, 74, 108
Jellicoe, Earl, 160, 189, 199, 201–2, 244
Jerrold, Douglas, 36
Jewish Lads’ Brigade, 11
jingoism, 3, 72, 81, 120, 126, 147, 182, 194, 230, 245
Johnson, Amy, 123, 133, 212, 221
Joynson-Hicks, Sir William, 37, 92
Jutland, Battle of, 44, 187–8

Kellogg-Briand Pact, 59–60, 200
Kenworthy, J.M., 35, 40, 70, 127, 214
Keyes, Sir Roger, 111, 163, 199, 244
Kipling, Rudyard, 183

Labour Party, 58, 69, 77, 100
Laski, Harold, 69, 245
League of Empire, 9, 134
League of Nations, 3, 10, 55, 68, 100, 201
creation of, 25
German withdrawal from, 70
as an instrument of collective security, 63, 76, 78–9, 130
League of Nations Union, 1, 30, 55–6, 68, 72, 77
and the Air League, 15, 57, 63–6, 244
Air League criticism of, 64–6
and disarmament, 63–5
leading figures, 10, 63, 244
and military displays, 193–4, 214, 229
and the Navy League, 15, 57, 60, 63–5, 244
Navy League criticism of, 59–60, 63–5, 121, 164–5, 193–4
pacificist orientation of, 9–10, 12, 65, 78, 81, 239
peace. See Peace Ballot
use of public ritual, 180, 195
liberal internationalism, 2, 78, 147
liberal internationalists
and the aeroplane. See liberal internationalist enthusiasm for aerial bombardment
groups, 9, 15, 30, 57, 63, 195, 214, 239, 245–6
sentiment, 9, 66, 69, 78, 81, 180, 239
The Link, 35, 37
Linlithgow, Lord, 29, 59, 72, 136
Lloyd, Lord, 97, 194, 252
and the Admiralty, 39, 95–6
appointment as Navy League president, 29–30, 72
and armament manufacturers, 74–5, 104
criticism of, 3, 69, 243
death, 249
and empire, 125–6
and the far right, 36–7
and the League of Nations Union, 63–4
lobbying in the House of Lords, 73–4, 94, 110–11
and the National Federation of Women’s Institutes, 68–9
and pacifism, 199, 200–201
and promotion of British naval power, 60, 75, 109, 201–2, 245–6
and promotion of the Merchant Navy, 109–12, 242
reluctance to criticise officialdom, 75, 95–6
and youth. See Sea Cadet Corps
Lloyd George, David, 38, 92
Locker-Lampson, Oliver, 99
London, 213, 219
Air League’s activities in, 27, 32, 133, 253–4
and empire, 127
Navy League activities in, 28, 60, 136, 150, 153–5, 163, 168, 250
as a target of aerial bombardment, 90, 94, 100
London County Council, 151–2, 167
Londonderry, Lord, 39, 105, 153, 156, 216, 222, 227, 244
London Naval Conference (1930), 56, 60, 73, 200
London Naval Conference (1935–6), 56, 74, 109
Luftwaffe, 73, 217
Lymington, Viscount, 35–6

Macdonald, Ramsay, 13, 35, 58, 71, 227, 244
Marples, Stephen, 3, 5, 27
martial values
and the Air League, 94, 240–41
existence of, 2, 17, 226, 240
ex-servicemen and, 30
and military theatre, 11, 194, 214, 221, 226, 240
and the Navy League, 149, 201, 203, 241
and the state, 8, 57, 240
and youth, 160–61, 164, 214, 221, 241
masculinity, 41, 147, 161, 171, 242. See also masculinity of Air Defence Cadet Corps, masculinity of Sea Cadet Corps
Massy, Colonel H.S., 5
Merchant Navy
Navy League and the, 44, 75, 89, 109–12, 195, 201, 242, 250–51
and youth, 137, 149–50, 154, 171, 251, 256
merchants of death, 16, 100–105, 244–5. See also private manufacture of armaments
Merton, Gerald, 31, 62, 66
militarism. See also dissolution of militarism following First World War, survival of militarism after First World War
Air League and accusations of, 3, 16, 55, 61, 69, 79, 81, 94, 105, 244–5
civil-military relations, 6
definitions of, 5–8, 246
as a ‘foreign’ problem, 6, 122
and gender, 41, 46, 242. See also femininity, masculinity
liberal militarism, 8, 76, 78, 212
and military theatre, 2, 10–11, 16–17, 180, 194, 212, 229, 240. See also Aldershot Command Searchlight Tattoo, Empire Air Day, Hendon Air Display, Navy Weeks, Trafalgar Day
misinterpretations of, 5
Navy League and accusations of, 3, 16, 55, 68–9, 72–3, 81, 105, 244–5
Prussian militarism, 6, 8, 122
and youth, 12, 147–9, 152–3, 164–5, 167, 170–71, 217–21, 241. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, Sea Cadet Corps
militarisation, 90, 215
definitions of, 7–8
of society, 2, 90, 108, 224–5
of youth, 12, 164, 167, 170–71, 217–21, 241. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, Sea Cadet Corps
militaristic sentiment, 17, 30, 32, 56, 120, 194, 239–41
militaristic leagues, 1–2, 9, 12, 17, 24, 240. See also Air League, Navy League
militaristic youth organisations, 12, 16, 137, 147–9, 157, 241. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps, Sea Cadet Corps
military culture, 7
military service. See Air Defence Cadet Corps and military service, conscription, Sea Cadet Corps and military service
military theorists, 3, 13, 29, 31, 33, 62, 90, 156
modernity, 14, 17, 66, 76, 246
and aerial theatre, 11, 38, 211–12, 216, 223, 225–7, 240
ambivalence towards, 225, 243
and the aristocracy, 32
and gender, 41–4, 242
and the Navy League, 14
and youth, 148, 163
Montagu of Beaulieu, Lord, 27–8, 90
Moore-Brabazon, J.T.C., 31, 37, 39–40, 62, 77, 90, 93–4, 97
Mosley, Oswald, 35, 37–8, 99
Mottistone, Lord, 28, 31, 38–40, 68, 91–2, 129, 230
Munich Conference, 108, 167–9, 202
Murray, Gilbert, 59–60, 63, 65–6, 69, 194, 244
Mussolini, Benito, 37–8, 161

national defence, 2, 12, 25, 68, 246
and the Air League, 1, 5, 13, 23, 27, 61–3, 79–81, 94–5, 105–8, 124, 241
and the Navy League, 1, 4, 12–14, 30, 73, 75, 89, 96–7, 121, 200–201, 241
and youth, 147, 160, 165, 168
National Federation of Women’s Institutes, 68
National League of Airmen, 98–100
National Service League, 9, 26
naval heritage, 14, 98, 120, 191. See also Navy League and naval heritage, Trafalgar Day
dominion Navy League branches and, 136
and the Sea Cadet Corps, 148
navalism, 35, 127, 165, 194
collapse of, 13, 240
manifestations of, 16, 180, 192–4, 204, 212
naval theatre, 180, 192–4, 200. See also Trafalgar Day
Navy League
activities, 1–2, 24–5, 131–2, 197, 241–2, 250–51
and the Admiralty. See Admiralty
aims, 2–4, 8, 15, 24, 55–6, 192, 199, 244
and air power, 14, 95–7, 120–21, 242–3, 253, 257. See also atomic bomb and the Navy League
branches, 4, 24, 28, 41–2, 58, 109, 149, 185, 190, 195, 249, 251
charitable work, 15, 25, 41–2, 44–6, 241, 250–51
and class, 30, 34, 149–50, 160, 163, 182
and collective security. See Navy League’s opposition to collective security, Navy League’s promotion of collective security
and co-operation with the Air League, 64, 97–8
defence. See Navy League and national defence
disarmament. See Navy League and disarmament
dominion branches, 24, 28, 120, 131, 135–7, 243
and duty, 121–2, 132, 181–3, 188–9, 201, 203
educational work, 16, 25, 28, 30, 42, 149–51, 188, 250. See also schoolchildren and the Navy League, schools and the Navy League, Sea Cadet Corps, universities and the Navy League
and the far right, 4, 15, 34–7, 45, 244
formation, 4, 24–5
funding sources 34–5, 74–5, 104, 155–6
grand council meeting, 29, 41, 58–9, 96, 109, 111, 119, 245
and the Imperial Maritime League, 25–6, 98, 182
and imperial policing, 16, 120, 126, 244. See also gunboat diplomacy, Royal Navy as a tool of imperial policing
and imperial unity, 16, 120, 127, 131, 136, 201, 243
Ladies’ Committee, 37, 42, 251
leadership, 15, 28–30, 125, 249–50
and the League of Nations Union. See League of Nations Union and the Navy League
membership, 4, 15, 17, 28, 34, 38–9, 56, 244
Merchant Navy. See Navy League and the Merchant Navy
and militarism. See Navy League and accusations of militarism
and naval heritage, 4, 11, 13–14, 28, 42, 121, 131, 139, 181, 240, 242, 246. See also Trafalgar Day
and national identity, 13, 120–22, 125, 139, 180, 242–3. See also patriotism and the Navy League
and naval theatre, 180, 192–4, 200. See also Trafalgar Day
pacifism. See pacifism and the Navy League
periodicals and publications, 4, 15, 28, 155, 241, 250, 252
political orientation, 3, 28, 30, 34–6, 244
and the private manufacture of armaments, 1, 16, 34, 103–5, 244–5
and the promotion of navalism, 4–5, 16, 24–5, 28, 122, 212
and the promotion of sea-mindedness, 12, 28, 30, 125, 136, 153–4, 181, 204
and the promotion of sea power, 1–2, 4, 15, 17, 24–6, 45–6, 55–6, 58, 73–5, 89, 110, 119, 121–2, 136, 151, 180–81, 186, 188, 198, 200–204, 240–41, 246
and rearmament, 16, 29–30, 109, 112, 201, 246
and the Singapore Naval Base, 29, 58–60, 69
and St George’s Day, 121–2, 137
and trade, 4, 14, 30, 42, 58–60, 73, 119–21, 125–7, 134, 243
women’s roles, 15, 41–2, 185, 241–2
and xenophobia, 16, 36, 126–7, 150
and youth 12, 150–51, 241. See also schoolchildren and the Navy League, schools and the Navy League, Sea Cadet Corps
Navy Weeks, 11, 164, 180, 193–4, 200, 204, 240
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 98, 181–2
tradition of, 154, 156, 170, 181–2, 185, 188–90, 197, 199–201, 203–4, 242
Nelson’s Column, 179–89, 191, 195, 198, 201–3, 250
Nelson Day, 183, 188. See also Trafalgar Day
Dinner, 97, 111, 150, 186, 199–202
Message, 127, 194, 198–202
Nelson’s tomb, 42, 185–6, 202–3, 250
Newall, Sir Cyril, 97
New Commonwealth Society, 77
New Zealand, 28, 32, 125, 131, 135, 137, 139, 171, 221–2
Nichols, Beverley, 100, 162
Noel-Baker, Philip
and the Air League, 1, 3, 63, 72, 79–81, 100, 103, 105, 244
and an international air police force, 76–7
and the Navy League, 1, 3, 39, 63, 65, 72, 100, 243–4
and the Peace Ballot, 10
and the private manufacture of armaments, 1, 72, 100, 103
Nuffield, Lord, 35, 156–7, 199

Orwell, George, 165
Oxford Union ‘King and Country’ debate, 10, 66, 68

pacificism, 9–10, 57, 65, 77, 81
pacifism, 1–2, 11, 57, 78, 81, 240
and the Air League, 63, 66–8, 81, 245
and gender, 41, 242
and the League of Nations Union, 9, 63, 65, 78, 81, 239
and the Navy League, 59, 66–8, 81, 109, 199–203, 245
and the Peace Ballot, 10
and youth, 147, 152, 165, 169
pacifist
organisations, 9, 15, 56, 65, 68, 78, 81, 214, 227, 245–6
sentiment, 9, 56–7, 65–6, 76, 81, 91, 195, 230
parliament, 3, 6, 15, 77, 96, 182, 254
Air League lobbying of, 32, 55, 71, 91–5, 112, 133–4, 242, 246
Navy League lobbying of, 30, 65, 73, 75, 111–12, 122, 198, 242, 246
potential destruction of, 90
Parliamentary Air Committee, 95, 99, 242
patriotic societies, 1–3, 9, 17, 24, 33, 69, 72, 100, 165, 245
patriotism, 7, 23, 36, 120, 171, 228, 239
and the Air League, 55, 103, 120, 122–5, 228
distaste for, 24, 195, 228, 240
and gender, 41–2, 46, 242
manifestations of, 180, 182–3, 188–9, 192, 195, 198, 211, 214, 226, 240
and the Navy League, 73, 103, 111, 120–22, 191, 194, 243
and youth, 12, 16, 148, 154, 157, 161, 163–5, 169
Peace Ballot, 10, 12, 66, 100, 229
peace movement, 2, 57, 229. See also pacifist organisations
peaceable national character, 2, 6, 9, 17, 239, 246
Peace Pledge Union, 9, 214, 227–9, 245
Plaid Genedlaethol Cymru, 228–9
private manufacture of armaments, 1, 3, 10, 16, 34, 66, 100–105, 156, 244

rearmament, 9, 70, 89, 91, 99, 112, 239
and Germany, 73, 94, 106
military theatre as a form of promoting, 17, 212, 229, 231, 240
Right Club, 36–7
Roe, A.V., 102
Rothermere, Lord, 98–9
Royal Aero Club, 33, 44, 71
Royal Aeronautical Society, 33, 44, 71
Royal Air Force, 102, 105–6, 124–5, 242
Benevolent Fund, 40, 216, 227
and defence, 71, 91, 94, 97, 106
and disarmament, 72. See also World Disarmament Conference
displays. See aerial theatre, Hendon Air Display, Empire Air Day
and imperial identity, 16, 71–2, 119, 139
and national identity, 16, 119–20
strength of, 12, 14, 73, 94–5, 112, 216, 223–4, 245
as a tool of imperial policing. See air control
and youth, 170, 216–17, 241, 255. See also Air Defence Cadet Corps
Royal Commission on the Private Manufacture of and Trading in Arms, 34, 72, 100, 103–4
royal family
and the Air League, 4, 38, 45, 93, 212, 226–7, 231, 244
and the Navy League, 4, 38, 45, 111, 155, 186, 199, 204, 244, 251
Royal Flying Corps, 39–40, 45, 99
Royal Navy, 30, 170, 249
and defence, 12–13, 201, 243
and disarmament. See naval disarmament treaties
and the First World War, 23, 150, 186–9
and imperial identity, 16, 119, 131
and national identity, 12–13, 16, 243
strength of, 12, 14, 112
as a tool of imperial policing, 16, 126, 109, 244
Royal Tournament, 11, 240

Salmond, Sir John, 40, 162, 167
scaremongering, 3, 27, 55, 65, 81, 245
Schneider Trophy, 123–4, 212
Schoolboys’ Exhibition, 151–2
schoolchildren, 214, 219
and the Air League, 108, 134–5, 217, 219, 221
and the Navy League, 44–5, 134, 136–7, 149–50, 191–3
schools, 134, 190
and the Air League, 12, 108, 134–5, 151–2, 167, 241
and dominion Navy League branches, 137
and Empire Day, 134
and the Navy League, 12, 25, 28, 42, 149–51, 185–6, 241, 250
Trafalgar Day in, 185–6, 188, 190, 198, 204
secretary of state for air, 39–40, 91, 105, 123–4, 153, 156, 213, 255
secretary of state for war, 28, 39, 91, 228
Sea Cadet Corps, 12, 16, 28, 109, 153, 157, 159, 169, 201, 244, 254
activities of, 155–6
Admiralty support of, 39, 148–50, 154–5, 168
aims of, 148, 154
and citizenship, 12, 148, 156, 171, 241
and civil defence, 171, 241, 252
and class, 160
comparisons with fascist youth organisations, 161, 164
creation of, 149–50
dominion branches, 137, 171
and duty, 12, 16, 148, 154, 156, 163–4, 168, 241
funding sources, 35, 104, 153–6, 250, 252
leadership of, 155, 253, 255
and masculinity, 12, 159–62
militarism of, 151, 162–5, 171, 241
and military service, 154, 156, 165, 168, 241, 250
and national identity, 148, 154, 241
and physical culture, 12, 160
and popular civic ritual, 134, 164, 191, 193, 203, 250
and the Second World War, 170–71, 241, 251–3
sea power, 4, 57–8, 74, 187, 190, 253. See also Navy League and the promotion of sea power
Second World War, 12, 163, 223
and the Air League, 16–17, 231, 253–6
contribution of the Air Defence Cadet Corps to, 149, 170–71, 241, 253–6
contribution of the Sea Cadet Corps to, 149, 170–71, 241, 251–3
and the Navy League, 16–17, 180, 201, 204, 249–53
Seely, J.E.B. See Lord Mottistone
Sempill, Colonel the Master of, 37, 40, 61, 65, 103, 124, 133
Shaw, George Bernard, 100, 183
Sheppard, H.R.L., 229
Siddeley, Sir John, 102
Singapore Naval Base, 58–9
Society of British Aircraft Constructors, 102
Society for Nautical Research, 98, 190–91, 197
Somerset, Duke of, 29, 150
South Africa, 28, 32, 125, 131–3, 135–9, 171, 222
Spaight, J.M., 78, 216
Spanish Civil War, 217
Stephenson, Vice-Admiral G.O., 96, 104
Sueter, Rear-Admiral Murray, 37, 40, 94–5, 99
Sutherland, Duke of, 28–9, 31, 34, 39–40, 43, 71, 93–5, 105–7, 222, 245–6, 256
Swinton, Lord, 39, 156, 213, 227
Sydenham of Combe, Lord, 35, 104

technology, 17, 32, 151, 221, 226–7, 242, 245. See also Air League and technological innovation
enthusiasm for, 66, 76, 123–5, 225
and power, 8, 12, 14, 76, 112, 125, 223, 243
promotion of, 11, 14, 42, 123–5, 139
and youth, 148
Thomson, Lord, 39–40, 123
Thursfield, Rear-Admiral Henry, 75, 96
Thwaites, Norman, 37, 63, 71, 77, 93, 97
Trafalgar Day. See also Nelson Day Dinner, Nelson Day Message, Trafalgar Day in schools
Admiralty’s support of, 39, 186, 189, 199, 201
annual commemoration of, 4, 11, 16, 28
centenary celebrations, 183–5
and class, 182
and the First World War, 25, 186–9, 191, 195–8
form of celebrations on, 185–6, 195–7, 203
and France, 183, 188, 198, 202–3
as a means of fundraising, 35
inauguration of, 179, 181–2
local celebrations of, 180, 189–92
and naval heritage, 180–82, 197–8, 203
opposition to, 182–3, 198
and the promotion of naval power, 24, 121, 179–81, 194, 197–8, 200–204, 240
and the royal family, 120, 182–5, 189, 199, 244
and the Second World War, 170, 202–4, 250
and the Sea Cadet Corps, 164, 252
in the self-governing dominions, 136–7
women’s role on, 41–2
Trafalgar Square, 179, 183, 185–6, 202–3, 249
Treasury, 155, 165, 169
Trenchard, Sir Hugh, 93, 98, 123, 244
Tritton, V. Biscoe, 58

under-secretary of state for air, 28–9, 31, 39, 91
Union of Democratic Control, 9, 64, 94, 100, 227–8, 245
United States, 25, 57, 59–60, 74, 131
universities,
and the Air League, 12, 102, 151–2,
and the Navy League, 12, 150,

Vickers-Armstrong, 102, 104
Victory, HMS, 98, 186, 190–91, 193, 197

warfare state, 8, 12, 57, 100, 112, 162, 212, 214, 225, 246
warship launches, 164, 180, 192, 194, 204, 212
Washington Naval Treaty, 56–9, 200
Wells, H.G., 26, 90
White, Arnold, 36, 55, 122, 181, 188
White-Smith, Sir Henry, 103
Wilkinson, Spenser, 4
Wood, Sir Kingsley, 156, 224, 227, 244
World Disarmament Conference, 56, 70–73, 76, 89, 94, 102, 129, 200, 242
Women’s Aerial League, 26, 42–3, 151
Women’s Air League Committee, 43–4
Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 213–14

Yeats-Brown, Francis, 38, 62–3
Young Aerial League, 26, 151–2
Young Pilots’ Fund, 40, 153
youth movements, 2, 26, 35, 37, 185, 191, 204, 244
and duty, 148, 162
impact of the First World War on, 11–12, 16, 147–9
prior to the First World War, 11, 149–52

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