Index

academies, 7, 10, 11, 19, 34, 70, 82, 86–92, 93, 95, 107, 115, 118–19, 121, 124, 177, 209, 210, 211

accidents, 25, 37, 113, 122, 132, 187, 201, 205, 216, 217

Adam, Robert (architect), 198

Addison, Joseph, 134

Remarks on Italy, 6, 29

Aiken, John

Critical essay on Sommerville’s poem of the chase, 127

Aldworth Neville, Richard, 33, 38, 38n6, 92–3, 108, 138–9, 146, 165, 224, 225, 227

Alps, 3, 12, 24, 38, 39, 129, 132, 135–8, 139, 141–50, 163–4, 165–6, 171, 174, 183–4, 192, 201, 205, 211; see also glaciers, Hannibal, mountaineering

climate theory, 14, 120–1, 144, 174–5, 177–9

scientific exploration, 168, 172, 213

women tourists, 217

America, 77, 95, 102

Anglicanism, see under religion

Apperley, Thomas (companion-tutor), 106–7

Aretino, Pietro, 96

art collecting and connoisseurship, 111–13, 158–9, 160, 165, 210, 211, 212

Ashley-Cooper, Anthony, 3rd earl of Shaftesbury, 134

Austria, see under Hapsburg Empire

Banks, Joseph (naturalist), 172, 173

Barrow, William (educationalist), 132

Basset, Sir Francis, 78–9, 92, 95, 104, 223

Batoni, Pompeo (artist), 106–7, 111 fig. 3.1, 112, 204

battles and battlefield tours, 80–2, 84–6, 92–3, 222–35 passim

Aix la Chapelle, 81, 223

Dettingen, 94, 100, 222

Kolin, 80, 225

Lake Trasimene, 141n2

Lobositz, 81, 223

Minden, 81, 82, 84, 223

Parma, 92, 222

Prague, 80, 81, 85, 86, 223

Le Bègue de Presle, Achille (doctor)

Le conservateur de la sante, 117

Bentinck, Hans Willem, 1st earl of Portland, 33, 94, 104

Bentinck, Henry, Lord Woodstock, 1st duke of Portland, 33, 94, 104, 108

Bentinck, William, 1st count Bentinck, 134–5, 137, 151, 160, 212

Bernege, Moses (tutor), 134–5

Bland, Humphrey

Treatise of military discipline, 129

boat trips, 192–3, 194, 207

Boswell, James, 18, 54, 176

Breval, John (writer), 142

Britain, 50–3 passim, 86–7, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 108, 114, 125, 164, 175, 209, 210, 213, 219, 220

British identity, 13–14, 182–3, 186, 209, 211, 218, 219

Brydone, Patrick (scientist and tutor), 182

Burke, Edmund, 143, 145

Butler, Charles, earl of Arran, 133

Catholicism, see under Religion

Chapman, George (writer), 131–2

Chetwynd, Walter (former tutor), 146

Churchill, John, 1st duke of Marlborough, 83, 92, 105

classical antiquity and classicism, 5–6, 111–12, 141–2, 175–6, 202–3, 209, 210, 213

Clerks of Penicuik, 67–8

climate theory, 115–16, 120–1, 144–5, 174–82, 184, 195, 219

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 190

Common Room Club, 127–9, 138–9, 163–9, 183, 188, 212, 218

Compton, James, 5th earl of Northampton, 38, 83, 92, 93, 105, 108, 226, 234

conduct literature, 96–7, 106, 133

Conway, Sir Henry Seymour, 202–3, 214

Coxe, Revd William (tutor), 22–3, 136–9, 192–3, 218–19

Sketches of the natural, civil, and political state of Swisserland, 31, 192, 196

Travels in Switzerland, 31

Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, 192–3

crime, 45–8, 62, 176

Dampier, Thomas (tutor), 127–8, 232

danger, 3–4, 24–8, 41–4, 61–3, 67–71, 129–30, 135–8, 210–11, 217–18, 219, 220; see also accidents, crime, death, hazards and hardships of travel, illness and injuries, morality and moral corruption, risk and risk theory, war and warfare

associated with the landscape, 143–50 passim, 162–3, 169–72, 183

martial, 79–80, 93, 102, 105, 108

narratives of, 23–4, 185–7, 188–92, 199–202, 203–4, 205, 208

sport-related, 126–7

death, 145–6, 201–3, 204–6

Denmark, 19, 31, 178

diplomacy and diplomats, 89–90, 91, 101, 170, 194, 195, 210; see also Sir W. Hamilton and Sir R. Murray Keith

dogs, 197–8, 201–7

Douglas, John, bishop of Carlisle and Salisbury, 225

duelling, 71–2, 104, 108

education; see also academies, conduct literature, military education, tutors and tutoring

during Grand Tour, 10–11, 30, 82, 87, 89, 102

pedagogy (early modern and Renaissance), 27–8, 95–7, 130–1

pedagogy (eighteenth century), 1–2, 27–8, 131–2, 133

Ellis, William, 221, 224

emotions; see also travel, emotional responses to

history of, 185–6, 189–190

Enlightenment thought, 12, 65, 99, 166, 169, 172, 174, 183

Evelyn, John, 93–4

exercise and exercise regimes (inc. dancing, fencing, gymnastics, riding), 88–9, 90–1, 122–5, 130, 131, 132, 133, 139, 178, 182, 210; see also sport

Eyre, Thomas, 206

Fabris, Pietro (artist), 125, 125 fig. 3.3, 157 fig. 4.10, 158, 159, 162

Finch, Daniel, 2nd earl of Nottingham, 70–1

Finch, George, 9th earl of Winchilsea, 46–7, 160, 167

Flaxman, Ann, 217

Floyd, John (tutor), 137–8, 192–3, 218–19, 222

Fortuna, 64–5, 68

Fox, Charles James, 57

Fox, Henry, 57

Fox, Stephen, 1st earl of Ilchester, 37n3, 195

France, 98–9, 222–35 passim

Besançon, 95, 224

Loire Valley, academy in, 7, 89

Marseille, 39, 102, 230

Paris, 57, 59, 61, 69, 168, 231

academies in, 96–7, 119

Strasbourg, academy in, 87–9, 90, 118, 177, 233

Tours, academies in, 7, 91, 119

Francis, Sir Philip, 151, 221, 230, 231, 234

Gailhard, John

The compleat gentleman, 97

gambling, 62–5, 68–9

German states, 222–35 passim;

Prussia

military culture, 80–1, 84, 85, 86, 98, 165

Potsdam review, 82, 85

Saxony, 75, 80, 98, 194

Wolfenbüttel academy, 70, 89

Gibbon, Edward (politician and writer), 3, 4, 40, 120, 222, 228, 229, 234

glaciers, 12, 14, 19, 20, 28, 71, 142, 143, 144, 145, 149, 163, 179, 183, 184, 210, 211, 213, 219

Mer de Glace (Chamonix, Savoy), 146–8, 163–5, 188, 196, 197, 212

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang van, 176

Gordan, Alexander, 4th duke of Gordon, 112–13

Grand Tour, 1–4

criticism of, 54–5

families, role of, 9–10, 11–13, 21–3, 25–8 passim, 49–50, 53–4, 57–8, 59–62, 67–8, 69–70, 87–8, 100–1, 117–19, 177–80, 213–14, 215

friendships, role of, 39–40, 49–51, 138–9, 213–14

historiography of the, 18–19, 209–10

sexual conduct on the, 54–55, 57–62, 180

Gray, Thomas, 145–6, 148, 151, 200, 201, 203, 205, 206, 207, 228

guides, 47, 136, 149, 151, 158, 159, 162, 164, 170, 172, 217

Gulf of Bothnia, 19, 192

Hackert, Jakob Philipp (artist), 155 figs 4.5, 4.6, 158, 159, 160, 162

Hamilton Baillie, George, 33, 146

Hamilton, Capt Edward (companiontutor), 106–7

Hamilton, Sir William (diplomat and scientist), 170–3, 216

Hamilton, Thomas, 7th earl of Haddington, 33, 146

Hannibal (Carthaginian general and statesman), 141–2, 144, 148, 179–80, 181, 184

Hapsburg Empire

Austria, 2, 45, 81, 150, 210, 227

military culture, 14, 75, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 94, 98, 107, 144, 165

Vienna, 8, 20, 81, 107, 178, 234, 235

Bohemia, 9, 75, 98, 194

Dresden, 80–1, 134, 227, 232, 235

Hungary, 52, 166, 194, 210

Prague, 80, 81, 134

reviews, 85–6, 232

Harcourt, George Simon, viscount Nuneham, 2nd earl Harcourt, 8–9, 100–1, 204–5, 224–31 passim

Harcourt, Simon, 1st earl Harcourt, 92, 101, 108, 214, 219, 222

Hay, James (tutor), 38, 83, 92, 105, 226, 234

health and health regimes, 113–14, 115–22, 219; see also illness and injuries

spa towns, 114, 116

Herbert, Elizabeth, countess of Pembroke, 22–3, 47–8, 60–1, 87–8, 177–8, 197, 206

Herbert, George, 11th earl of Pembroke, 22–3, 52–4, 87–89, 102–3, 137–8, 177–8, 192–3, 195–6, 197–8, 222–34 passim

Herbert, Henry, 10th earl of Pembroke, 22–3, 60–1, 87–8, 88 fig. 2.2, 91, 100, 104, 180, 206, 224

Hervey, Frederick Augustus, earl-bishop of Bristol and Derry, 216

Hervey, John, 2nd baron Hervey of Ickworth, 37n3, 38, 207

Hippisley, J.C. (art dealer), 166

Holroyd, John, 1st earl of Sheffield, 46–7, 58–60, 118–19, 205–6, 222–35 passim

Howell, James

Instructions and directions for forren travel, 96–7

Hume, David, 63, 65

Hurd, Richard

Dialogues on the use of foreign travel, 134

illness and injuries, 39–40, 48–54, 62, 70, 121; see also accidents, medical care and treatment

ague, 37n3, 39, 52, 54, 118

jaundice, 37n3, 49, 52, 54

leprosy, 53

malaria, 37n3, 39, 48, 53, 116, 120, 175

plague, 53, 70, 137

quinsy, 37n3, 48

sexual disease, 25, 57, 58, 180

smallpox, 53, 70

tuberculosis, 25

insurance, 64, 65, 67, 69

Italy, 5–6, 111–12, 141–2, 150–1, 182, 201, 207, 209, 210; see also Mount Vesuvius,

Savoy/Piedmont

climate and environment, 177–81

crime, 45–7

Florence, 50–1, 195, 201, 227

military culture, 92, 94, 105, 222–35 passim

Naples, 158–9, 181–2, 201, 231

crime in, 46–7, 48

sickness in, 39, 40

Reggio, 48–9, 50–1

Rome, 6, 7, 57, 58, 181, 201, 205

crime in, 45, 48

sickness in, 39, 53, 116, 120, 175

sickness in, 48–9

Venice, 45–6, 48, 53, 181, 234

Jacobitism and Jacobite Rebellion, 25, 100

Jenkins, Thomas (art dealer), 197

jeux de société, 28, 41, 68, 69, 71, 211

Johnson, Samuel, 62, 129

Keith, Sir Robert Murray (diplomat), 23, 60, 69, 180

Lassels, Richard

The voyage of Italy, 141–2

Legge, Charles (younger son of 2nd earl of Dartmouth), 223–32 passim

Legge, Francis Catherine, countess of Dartmouth, 7–8, 54, 59, 70

Legge, George, viscount Lewisham, 3rd earl of Dartmouth, 7–8, 69–70, 148–50, 178–80, 223–32 passim

Legge, William, 2nd earl of Dartmouth, 7–8, 49–50, 59–60, 179–80, 230, 232

Legge, William (younger son of 2nd earl of Dartmouth), 10, 34, 82, 135, 225, 226, 229

Lennox, Charles, 2nd duke of Richmond, 100

Lennox, Charles, 3rd duke of Richmond, Lennox & Aubigny, 34, 35, 37n5, 84, 91, 95, 100, 225, 228, 232, 233

Lennox, George (younger son of 2nd duke of Richmond), 34

Lesage, Alain-René

The adventures of Gil Blas of Santillane, 45, 47

Lipsius, Justus, 96

Locke, John

Some thoughts concerning education, 130–1, 134

lotteries, 64, 65, 67

Lorraine, Dutchy of

Lunéville, 230

academies in, 89, 119

Lydall, Sir Henry, 92, 226

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 65

Mackenzie, Kenneth, Lord Fortrose, 125, 125 fig. 3.3, 158, 182

Martel, Peter, 146–7, 167, 168

martial culture and identity, 3–4, 77–80, 90–1, 96–109 passim, 128–30, 211–16 passim, 220; see also battles and battlefield tours, war and warfare, New Militia movement, and entries

under country/state

military education, 85–93, 95–7, 101, 103, 107, 108, 113, 210–11; see also academies

military observations, 82–6, 92–3, 210–11, 222–35 passim

military service elite, 210–11

military volunteering, 93–5, 164–5, 211

mountains and glaciers as opportunities for military training, 163–6

masculine identity and forms of masculinities, 3–4, 6–7, 11–12, 13–14, 19–20, 23–4, 131–2, 137–8, 143–4, 169–70, 173–7, 183–4, 185–7, 188–9, 198–202, 205–6, 211–17, 220; see also sentimentalism and sensibility, martial culture and identity

civility and civic–mindedness, 2, 6, 7, 16, 26, 27, 29, 68, 72, 78, 106, 134, 209, 212

chivalry, 16, 19, 24, 77, 78, 79, 86, 89, 107, 124, 169, 214, 220

courage, 12–14, 71–2, 126–32 passim, 171–4 passim, 195–8, 211–18 passim

explorer/adventurer, 168–74, 211–13

hardiness, 3–4, 19–20, 137–8, 180–1, 182, 185, 187, 188, 200, 201, 205, 206, 208, 212, 213, 216, 218

historiography of masculinity, 14–19, 21, 209, 210, 211, 215

honour, 20–1, 71–3, 79–80, 99–100, 105–6, 127–9, 145, 183, 189, 211, 212, 214, 215

libertinism, 56–62, 176, 213

man of science, 166–74, 213

man of feeling, 198–200, 213

politeness, 6–7, 8, 15, 18, 20, 26, 87, 89, 90, 97, 113, 198, 209, 212, 213, 214

medical care and treatment, 50–4; see also health regimes

Methodism, see under religion

Milles, Richard, 221, 222

Mission, Maximilien (tutor)

A new voyage to Italy, 27, 133

Mitchell, Andrew, 221, 225, 230, 234

Montagu, Elizabeth, 199

Moore, Charles (moralist), 129–30 morality and moral corruption, 54–62, 68–71, 177–8, 214

Moryson, Fynes (travel writer), 98, 141

mountaineering, 158–60, 162–5, 183–4, 196, 208, 210, 211, 212

Mount Vesuvius, 142–5, 166–7, 170–1, 172–4, 182–4, 217–18

representations of, 151–160, 162

Nelson, James (educationalist), 131

Netherlands, Low Countries and Belgium, 2, 81, 210,

Bergen-Op-Zoom, 82, 224

Brussels, 49, 50, 52, 54, 225

military culture, 222–35 passim

Spa, 51, 52, 53, 116

The Hague, 84, 229

networks and communities, 21–22

familial, 22, 23, 30

sociopolitical, 8–9, 23, 41, 42, 48, 50, 84, 121

New Militia movement, 78, 95, 108, 139, 164

noblesse d’épée, 98–9, 100

North, Frederick, Lord North, 2nd earl of Guildford, 10, 35, 60, 230, 232

Nugent, Thomas (travel writer), 134

Peacham, Henry, 130

Pelham-Clinton, Henry Fiennes, 9th earl of Lincoln, 48–9, 91–2, 121–2, 124, 126, 219, 222, 233, 234

Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 1st duke of Newcastle, 91–2, 121–2

Perceval, John, 1st earl of Egmont, 10, 116

Pliny the Elder, 171

Pococke, Richard, bishop of Ossory and Meath, 221–34 passim

Poland, 31, 45, 137, 210

Poyntz, William (politician), 231

Presbyterianism, see under religion Price, Robert, of Foxley, 128–9, 138–9, 146, 147

providence, 65–8

Prussia, see under Germany States

Pulteney, William, viscount Pulteney, 226

de Rapin de Thoyras, Paul (tutor), 33, 94

religion, 66–8, 177, 178

Anglicanism, 68

Catholicism, 25, 46, 175, 176, 202

Methodism, 59, 67, 219

Presbyterianism, 67, 68

Quakers, 67

risk and risk theory, 40–4, 62–6, 68–70, 79, 92, 130, 169

Rosa, Salvator (artist), 47

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques

Nouvelle Héloise, 29

Royal Society, 146, 166, 167, 170, 171

Russia, 19, 31, 45, 178, 210

Quakers, see under Religion

Sackville, Charles, Lord Middlesex, 225–34 passim

Salzmann, Christian

Gymnastics for youth, 122, 123 fig. 3.2

Sandys, Revd William (tutor), 75

Savoy/Piedmont, 90, 92, 124, 146

Chamonix, 146–8, 163–5, 188, 196, 197, 212; see also glacier

Turin, 7, 52, 105, 124, 126, 138, 201, 234

Accademia Reale, 89–90, 91, 118, 119, 121, 124

de Saussure, César (traveller), 115

de Saussure, Horace-Bénédict (explorer), 129, 150

Schaumburg-Lippe, William, count of, 127–9

Schaumburg-Lippe, George, 127–8

scientific interests and pursuits, 3, 12, 23, 33, 66, 88, 139, 145, 147, 166–74, 191, 198, 210, 213, 218, 219

sentimentalism and sensibility, 188–9, 191, 196, 198, 199, 204, 206, 214, 219

servants, 191–8, 201, 206, 207, 214, 217; see also guides

Sheffield, Edmund, 2nd duke of Buckingham, 25

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 24

Smith, John ‘Warwick’ (artist), 151, 156 fig. 4.8, 158, 160

Smithson, Sir Hugh, 92, 226

Smollett, Tobias

The expedition of Humphrey Clinker, 196–7

Travels through France and Italy, 218

Society of Dilettanti, 8, 56

Southwell, Edward, 116

Spence, Joseph (tutor), 48–9, 91–2, 121–2, 159–60, 222–35 passim

Spencer, Lady, 221, 224, 230

sport, 112–13, 114–15, 122–9, 138–9, 144, 163, 164, 183, 210, 211; see also exercise regimes

boxing, 21, 77, 114, 115, 127, 128, 139, 165

cricket, 113, 114, 115, 127

hunting, 125–7, 129, 130, 131, 138n115, 163, 183, 203, 210, 211, 213

swimming, 89, 113, 125, 182

tennis, 89, 113, 114, 118, 119, 127, 128, 129, 139

Stanhope, Philip, 4th earl of Chesterfield, 57

Sterne, Laurence

A sentimental journey, 29

Stevenson, David (tutor), 49–50, 69–70, 84–5, 148–50, 178–9, 219

Stillingfleet, Benjamin (tutor), 218–19

Stuart, John, Lord Mount Stuart, 171

sublime theory, 145–8, 151, 159, 183, 203, 213

Sweden, 19, 31, 178

Switzerland, 149–50, 175, 178

Basle, 135, 191, 222

Geneva, 33, 146, 167, 228

academies in, 70, 91, 119

Lausanne, 58, 118, 120, 229

Limmar River, 39, 190

military culture and battlefields, 222–35 passim

Rhine Falls, 191

Tate, Benjamin, 127–8, 232

Thompson, Charles (writer), 142

Thrale, Hester Piozzi, 182–3, 217–18

tourists and tourism, 76–7, 84

middle class, 218–19

older male, 216, 219

women, 217–18, 219

Townshend, George, 1st marquis Townshend, 94–5, 164–5, 222, 224, 226

travel

emotional responses to (inc. cheerfulness, elation/exhilaration, fear, homesickness, lack of ), 11–12, 134–5, 186–95, 205–8, 212, 217, 220

hazards and hardships of, 24–6, 37–41, 132–8, 144–5, 169–70, 199–201, 203, 210, 211, 212, 214, 218; see also accidents, crime, danger, death, illness and injuries, moral corruption, risk and risk theory, war and warfare

history of, 5, 24, 209, 220

narratives, 23–4, 200–8, 211, 212, 215, 219

published accounts, 28–30, 143–4

unpublished, 30–1, 32–3, 79, 134, 184

Trembley, Abraham (tutor), 34

Tresham, Henry (artist), 157 fig. 4.9, 158, 160

Trevor, John Morley, 222–33 passim

tutors and tutoring, 49–50, 54–5, 218–19

Vergerio, Pierpaolo

On noble customs and liberal studies of youth, 95–6

Villiers, George Busy, 4th earl of Jersey, 8–9, 198–9, 224–31 passim

Volaire, Pierre-Jacques (artist), 153 fig. 4.3, 154 fig. 4.4, 158, 159, 160, 162

Walpole, Horace, 33–4, 39–40, 48–9, 200–3, 204, 207, 213, 214, 215, 228

Walpole, Robert, 33, 51, 115

Waring, Samuel (travel-companion), 133

wars and warfare, 76–7, 80, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98, 104, 107, 108, 112, 113, 126, 127, 130, 131, 139, 210, 211, 219; see also battles and battlefield tours, martial culture and identity

American War of Independence, 77, 78, 103, 189

Seven Years’ War, 34, 77, 78, 80, 84, 100, 103, 108

War of Austrian Succession, 33, 34, 38, 77, 81, 92, 94, 105, 225

War of Bavarian Succession, 75, 107

War of Polish Succession, 92, 226

War of Spanish Succession, 33, 38, 48, 70, 81n24, 83, 4, 103, 104, 226

West, Richard, 201, 202

Wettstein, Colonel (tutor), 135–6

Whig ideology, 5–6

Whitbread, Samuel (tourist), 136

Whitehead, William (tutor), 8–9, 120–1, 18, 219

Wilkes, John (British radical), 56, 58

Williamson, Revd John (tutor), 33, 167, 168, 174

Williams-Wynn, Sir Walkin, 106–7

Windham, William, 138–9, 146–8, 167–9, 173–4, 183, 188, 212, 218, 219

An account of the glacieres or ice alps in Savoy, 146–8, 165, 167, 168

Plan of discipline, 164–5

Wortley Montagu, Lady Mary, 94, 194, 217, 222

Wrey, Sir Bourchier, 128–9

Wright, Joseph, of Derby (artist), 151, 152 fig. 4.1, 158

Wutky, Michael (artist), 152 fig. 4.2, 156 fig. 4.7, 158, 159, 160, 162

Yorke, Charles (father of 3rd earl of Hardwicke), 171

Yorke, Philip, 3rd earl of Hardwicke, 20–1, 68–9, 80–2, 97–9, 107–8, 135–6, 222–35 passim

Yorke, Philip, 2nd earl of Hardwicke, 21, 68, 69, 103

Yorke, Sir Joseph (brother of 2nd earl of Hardwicke), 21, 68