Notes
Index
Addison, Joseph, 13, 74, 76–7, 86, 96, 102, 106, 109–10, 120, 130, 134
Spectator, The, 12–13, 20, 76–7, 109, 132n
Akenside, Mark, 114
Amelia, princess, 100
Anacreon, 199
Anne, 21–2, 33, 35, 44, 47–8, 50–1, 53, 59, 63, 70–1, 77, 90–1, 93, 101, 106, 131, 194, 206–7
subject of odes, 207, 209, 213, 215
Arbuthnot, John, 138
Armitage, Simon, 236
Armstrong, John, 114
Augustus and Virgil, 40, 58, 90, 94, 96–7, 164; see also court; patronage
Benson, Robert, 47
Berenger, Richard, 163
Blake, William, 119
Blow, John, 204
Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 40, 199
Boyce, Thomas, 113
British nation (as concept and/or location), 1–3, 5–7, 10–12, 70, 77, 151, 158, 161–2, 167–71, 190–2, 207–8, 215, 218, 221–33, 237–9, 241–2
national identity, 32, 85, 101, 151, 153, 164, 167–71, 174–83, 186–8, 190–1, 203, 211, 222, 231–2
Burnet, Thomas, 142
Butler, Mary, duchess of Ormonde, 90–1, 93
Byron, Lord George Gordon, 119, 176
Caesar, Gaius Julius, 164
Cambridge University and colleges, 23, 96, 100, 109, 114, 119, 126n–127n
Camden, William, 39
Caroline of Ansbach, princess of Wales and queen (wife of George II), 93–5, 97, 99–100, 111–12, 122–3, 135–41
Caroline of Brunswick, princess of Wales and queen (wife of George IV), 190
Catholicism, 19, 54–5, 59, 84, 93–5, 97, 139
Cavendish, Lord John, 114–16, 120, 123
Cavendish, William, marquis of Hartington and 2nd duke of Devonshire, 89–90, 102
Cavendish, William, 4th duke of Devonshire, 114–16, 120, 123–4
Cecil, James, 7th earl of Salisbury and 1st marquess of Salisbury, 118, 121, 142
Chamberlayne, Edward, 51–4, 58
Chamberlayne, John, 51
Charles I, 18, 33–5, 37–8, 91, 198, 212
Charles II, 18, 35–44, 54, 58–9, 63, 65–6, 72, 77, 91, 101, 123, 157, 198
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen (wife of George III), 101, 175, 180, 224
Chatterton, Thomas, 157n
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 19, 38–9, 66, 77, 161, 227
Churchill, Charles, 25
Churchill, John, first duke of Marlborough, 132n
Cibber, Colley, 23–5, 28, 31, 149, 157–8, 161–5, 173, 237
appointment to laureateship, 110–13, 116, 122, 124–7, 135, 137–42, 146
before laureateship, 69–70, 73, 78–9, 96, 98–9, 102–3
his laureate odes, 192, 199–203, 206, 208, 211, 214–18, 214n, 218n, 220, 224, 230
City, the, see London
Clarke, James Stanier, 120, 128
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 194
coffeehouses, 4–6, 9–11, 13, 70, 74, 143, 153
Collins, William, 25, 180, 194n, 202
commercial practices, 1–2, 5, 31, 69, 73–88, 92–7, 99–101, 136, 161, 196, 237–8; see also marketplace
Concanen, Matthew, 110, 112, 124, 137
conceptual geography of culture, 3–4, 6–17, 30–1, 33, 70–1, 87–8, 95–6, 99, 101–3, 146–7, 150–1, 155, 183, 191, 198, 201, 233, 237–44; see also British nation (as concept and/or location), country, court, London, playhouse/theatre (as location), world
country, the (early modern denotation), 4, 9, 136, 139, 241; see also (for later eighteenth century) British nation (as concept and/or location)
court, the, 1–7, 9, 13–14, 15–19, 29–37, 39, 42, 44, 48, 59–60, 69–70, 74, 78–9, 88–99, 101, 122, 133–4, 146–7, 151, 154, 159, 162, 167–70, 177, 180, 182, 238, 240–1
conceptual, 3, 15, 32, 37, 62–7, 69, 71, 88–96, 99, 103, 151–4, 162, 187–8, 191–2, 201, 214, 216–17, 221, 225, 231–3, 236–9, 243
institutional, 15, 21, 31, 33, 43–54, 62–5, 67, 99, 103, 165, 196, 232, 237, 242
patronage, 3, 29, 32–33, 36–8, 41, 43–4, 48, 58, 64–7, 69–70, 72, 76, 78–9, 89–96, 99–101, 122–3, 128–35, 139–40, 141–7, 166, 170–1, 173–4, 188, 196, 226, 237; see also Augustus and Virgil
physical, 15, 32, 59–60, 72, 112, 142, 162, 189, 191–2, 197–9, 201, 204, 213–14, 216–17, 220–1, 225, 232–3, 236–9, 241–2
St James’s Palace, 14–15, 159, 172, 242
Covent Garden theatre, 5, 180; see also playhouse/theatre (as location)
Cowley, Abraham, 77, 199, 206, 220
Cowper, William, 100–1, 119, 125, 182
Critical Review, 114, 150, 152, 155, 182–7
Crowne, John, 44
Cumberland, Richard, 10
Curll, Edmund, 134n
Davenant, William, 18–19, 33, 37–9, 41–2, 158, 161, 198
Denham, John, 166
Dharker, Imtiaz, 236n
Disraeli, Isaac, 182
Dodsley, Robert, 149, 163, 183
Douglas, Catherine, duchess of Queensberry, 136–9
Drury Lane theatre, 5, 10, 23, 96, 135, 178; see also playhouse/theatre (as location)
Dryden, John, 1, 18–21, 24–5, 27–8, 33–4, 42–45, 48–9, 52, 54–8, 63, 65–6, 149, 157–8, 161, 170, 172, 189, 198, 227, 241
appointment to laureateship, 37–42
Duck, Stephen, 99–100, 110–12, 122, 124, 136–41, 146
Duffy, Carol Ann, 236
Eccles, John, 213
Electress Sophia of Hanover, 35
Eusden, Laurence, 22–6, 28, 31, 149, 157, 161, 237
appointment to laureateship, 109–10, 112, 124–6, 134–7, 134n, 139
before laureateship, 69–70, 79, 96–8
laureate odes, 189, 197, 199, 202, 206, 210–12
fashion, 10, 14, 73, 113–14, 118, 135–41, 146, 237
Fielding, Henry, 103
FitzRoy, Charles, 2nd duke of Grafton, 111–12, 121, 135–6, 138
Frederick, prince of Wales, 218n
Garth, Samuel, 108–9, 120, 128–9
George I, 21–3, 31, 33, 35, 48, 51, 70–1, 85, 96–9, 103, 105, 110–11, 121–2, 124, 135, 142, 197, 237
George II, 31, 70, 97, 103, 111, 113, 121–2, 124, 135–6, 149, 164, 167
subject of odes, 206, 210–12, 215–17, 219, 222, 230
George III, 32, 93, 100–1, 103, 114–15, 117–19, 121–25, 126n–127n, 127, 149–50, 152, 154, 158, 160, 162, 165–6, 170, 172–5, 177, 180, 189, 197, 235, 238
George IV, prince of Wales and prince regent, 103, 120, 123, 128, 180, 190
George of Denmark, prince (husband of Anne), 215
Germain, Lady Elizabeth, 111, 137
Gibbon, Edward, 29
Godolphin, Henrietta, see under Pelham-Holles (née Godolphin), Henrietta, duchess of Newcastle
Godwin, William, 176
Gower, John, 39
Gray, Thomas, 25, 29, 114, 116–17, 123–7, 145–6, 165, 173, 181, 184, 191, 194n, 195, 202, 218n, 220
Gwynn, Nell, 72
Hackett, John, 113n
Handel, George Frederick, 180
Harcourt, George Simon, viscount Nuneham and 2nd earl Harcourt, 115
Harcourt, Simon, 1st earl Harcourt, 115–16
Harley, Robert, 46–7, 106, 132n
Haydn, Franz Joseph, 180
Hayley, William, 118–19, 123–7, 145, 182
Heaney, Seamus, 236n
historiographer royal, office of, 38–9, 45, 49–53, 120, 128
Howell, James, 39
Hughes, Ted, 236
Hunt, Leigh, 177n
Hyde, Lawrence, 43
Ingram–Seymour–Conway, Francis, 2nd marquess of Hertford, 120
Jacobinism, 26, 176–8, 180–1, 194, 203
Jacobitism, 84–5, 95, 98–9, 103, 130–5
Jenkinson, Robert Banks, 2nd earl of Liverpool, 120, 128
Johnson, Samuel, 6, 14–15, 17, 76–7, 80n, 87, 199, 201
Jonson, Ben, 19, 33, 37–9, 46n, 158, 161, 198
Julia (daughter of Gaius Julius Caesar), 164
Kit-Cat Club, 108–9, 129–35, 139
Lee, Nathaniel and his widow, 57–8
Leland, John, 39
liberty, 12, 85, 99, 168, 207, 215, 222–4
literature (concept of), 2, 17, 32, 151, 158, 161–76, 180–8, 191, 202–4, 231–3, 239
canon, 12, 29, 77, 86–7, 151, 164, 174, 202–3
Lockman, John, 113
London, 4, 7, 9–14, 31, 70, 73, 79, 102–3, 108–9, 117, 128–39, 143–7, 151–3, 159, 178, 241–3
town, the, 4–7, 9–11, 14–15, 31, 34, 42, 48, 62, 64–5, 67, 69–79, 87–9, 92–6, 99, 101–3, 133–4, 140, 146–7, 150–2, 154, 159, 187, 237, 239–42
Longinus, 199
Louis XIII, 40
Louis XVI, 175
lord chamberlain’s department, 21, 33–4, 45, 48–58, 65, 88–9, 105, 108–11, 120–1, 135
Lort, Michael, 117
lyric poetry, 7, 112, 117, 123, 125, 162, 172, 176, 192, 199, 201–3
original spirit of poetry, 11, 192–4, 202, 220–3, 231
marketplace (conceptual location), 2–3, 5–6, 14, 17, 69, 76; see also commercial practices
Mary II, 19, 21, 35–6, 44, 54, 59, 63, 206–7
subject of odes, 190n, 204–8, 212
Mason, William, 113–16, 116n, 118, 124, 184, 191, 202
Massinger, Philip, 81
master of the king or queen’s music, 21, 47, 59, 113, 175, 189, 213, 229, 235
middle class, the, 1–2, 69, 71–9, 81, 83, 86–8, 90–3, 96, 98, 103, 151, 153, 174, 237–8
Milton, John, 77, 164, 171, 175, 185, 220–1
Montagu, Charles, 1st earl of Halifax, 109
Monthly Review, 150, 152, 155, 182–7
Motteux, Peter
Gentleman’s Journal, 12–13, 199
Nelson, Horatio, 231
North, Lord Frederick, 154
Oldmixon, John, 103, 107–10, 120, 124, 128–35, 139, 141, 144–6
O’Keeffe, John, 118
odes/songs (not laureate), 7, 11, 100, 169, 189, 191, 194, 198–9, 201–2, 221–2, 243; see also panegyric writing, poet laureateship (office)
Osborne, Edward, viscount Latimer, 43
Osborne, Thomas, 1st duke of Leeds, 43
Oxford University and colleges, 25, 100, 117, 126n–127n
panegyric writing, 19–21, 23, 59–63, 76, 89–91, 93, 96, 98, 100, 158, 164, 170, 172–5, 191–2, 195–7, 199–200, 211, 213, 217, 227–8, 232–3, 238–9; see also odes/songs (not laureate); poet laureateship (office)
patronage (not directly courtly), 2–3, 6, 32, 40–1, 45–6, 54–8, 64–6, 72, 76, 88–97, 105, 114, 126, 129–35, 141–7; see also Augustus and Virgil; court
Pattison, William, 134n
Paulet, Charles, second duke of Bolton, 108, 121
peerage, the, 10, 42, 64, 67, 72, 74, 76, 79, 89–92, 95, 103, 114, 117, 120–1, 123, 128–35, 147, 241
Pelham, Henry, 111
Pelham-Holles (née Godolphin), Henrietta, duchess of Newcastle, 97, 109, 115n
Pelham-Holles, Thomas, 1st duke of Newcastle, 23, 96–7, 109–12, 115, 116n, 120–1, 128–35
periodicals, 2, 7, 12–13, 32, 59, 107–8, 110, 113, 117, 149–89, 197, 199, 238, 240–1
Petrarch, 38
Philippa of Hainault, 229
dedicatory epistles, 8, 41–3, 55, 61, 79, 84–6, 88–90, 92–4, 99–100, 102, 111, 140–1, 241
Pindar and Pindarics, 174, 194n, 199, 202–3, 206, 213, 220, 223, 225, 228
Pindar, Peter (John Wolcot), 185
Pitt, William, the Younger, 26, 119, 121–2, 124, 141–5, 176–7
playhouse/theatre (as location), 4, 6–7, 9–11, 14, 44, 61, 66, 70–2, 92, 101–2, 140, 146, 152, 239, 241
playwriting (status/importance of), 12, 14, 41–5, 66, 71–96, 98–9, 101–3, 123–7
poet laureateship (office), 1–4, 13–19, 21, 27–32, 69, 96–8, 126–7, 135, 137, 149, 152, 155, 196–204, 232, 235–7, 242–4
appointments to, 31–2, 70, 78, 96–7, 99, 103, 105–47, 163, 170, 235, 238
formation of, 31, 33–67, 104–5, 237
odes, 15, 18, 20–5, 27, 32–33, 47, 58–67, 78, 105, 149–50, 154, 156, 158–60, 162–233, 190n, 235–6, 238–9, 242
public reception of, 149–88, 238, 240
salary, 19–21, 39, 42–54, 64–6, 142, 144–5, 166–7, 170, 242
political partisanship, 22, 25, 32, 59, 62, 69, 71, 77, 83–8, 93–7, 124, 126, 128–35, 147, 151, 165–70, 173, 176–83, 188, 240; see also Jacobinism; Jacobitism; Tory party; Whig party
Pope, Alexander, 25, 76–7, 86, 102, 106, 111, 122, 136–41, 184, 192, 202
Dunciad, The, 23, 29, 137, 140, 166
Potter, Robert, 118
Pratt, William, 142n
print (impact of), 10–13, 31, 102, 149–53, 162, 183, 189, 201, 233, 237, 241–3
Prior, Matthew, 25, 77, 100, 187
Probationary Odes for the Laureatship, 29
Protestantism, 12, 82, 85, 93–5
public, the, 1–12, 14–17, 30–2, 34, 36–7, 42, 59, 62, 64–5, 67, 69–79, 86–8, 92–9, 101–3, 140, 149–55, 159, 162, 167, 169–70, 172, 174, 180, 182–3, 187, 191–2, 197, 203, 222, 233, 237–8, 241, 243
sphere, 3–6, 8, 14, 17, 30–1, 36, 232, 240, 243–4
reading public, 8, 15–16, 32, 65, 150–1, 165, 188, 192, 196–7, 201, 204, 212, 232, 238, 243
public opinion, 28, 168–9, 176, 180, 182, 188; see also poet laureateship (office)
Purcell, Henry, 20
Pye, Henry, 144n
Pye, Henry James, 26, 28, 46n, 152, 157–9, 161–2, 171, 174n, 176–83, 185–7, 225n–226n, 238
appointment to laureateship, 118–19, 124–6, 128, 141–6
his laureate odes, 189–92, 203, 220, 222, 225, 228–32
Reynolds, Joshua, 117–18, 121, 123
Richardson, Samuel, 76
Rowe, Nicholas, 21–2, 31, 53, 62, 161, 172, 235, 237–8
appointment to laureateship, 105–8, 121, 123–4, 126, 128–9, 145
before laureateship, 69–71, 78–96, 98, 102–3
his laureate odes, 189, 198–9, 209–10, 212–13
Sackville, Charles, 6th earl of Dorset, 31, 33–4, 45–6, 49, 54–8, 61, 64–5, 109, 126
Savage, Richard, 100, 110, 112
Shakespeare, William, 20–2, 71, 77–8, 86–7, 98, 164
Sheffield, John, 3rd earl of Mulgrave and 1st duke of Buckingham and Normanby, 43, 44, 109
Scott, James, 1st duke of Monmouth, 35
Scott, Walter, 3, 26–7, 119–20, 124–7, 141
Selden, John, 38
Shadwell, Thomas, 1, 19–22, 126–7, 161n, 241
his laureate odes, 189–90, 199, 202, 211–12
role in formation of laureateship, 34, 41, 44–5, 47–8, 52, 54–8, 60–5
Skelton, John, 161
Smart, Christopher, 191
Soames, William, 40
Southey, Robert, 1, 3, 19, 26–8, 46n, 156, 171, 176, 189, 194, 204, 235–6, 238–9
appointment to laureateship, 105, 120, 122–6, 128, 141
space, scholarship on, 3–5, 17, 71
Spencer, Robert, 2nd earl of Sunderland, 43
Spenser, Edmund, 19, 38–40, 66, 77, 100, 158, 161, 227
Stanley, Charles John, 175
Steele, Richard, 96, 99, 109, 130, 134–5
St James’s Palace, see court
St John, Henry, 1st viscount Bolingbroke, 138, 218n
Stuart, John, 3rd earl of Bute, 154, 165
Swift, Jonathan, 106, 111, 136–41
Tate, Nahum, 20–6, 107–8, 126, 149, 161, 235
his laureate odes, 189–90, 197–202, 204–14, 216, 220
role in formation of laureateship, 34, 41, 43, 45–9, 52–8, 60–7
Theobald, Lewis, 110, 112, 124, 137, 142, 145
Tickell, Thomas, 109
Tonson, Jacob, the Elder, 86–7, 108–9, 120, 123, 128–35
Torquato Tasso, 38
Tory party, 21, 59, 85, 95, 106, 124, 126n–127n, 133; see also political partisanship
town, the, see London
Villiers, Edward, 1st earl of Jersey, 88–9
Villiers, George Bussy, 4th earl of Jersey, 115
Villiers, George, 2nd duke of Buckingham, 41
Villiers, William, 3rd earl of Jersey, 115–16, 116n
Villiers, Anne, countess of Jersey, 115–16, 116n
Waller, Edmund, 77
Walpole, Horace, 114
Walpole, Robert, 23, 96, 98–9, 111–12, 132, 135–7, 154, 165, 214n
Warton, Joseph, 11, 25, 117, 160, 202, 218n, 221, 223
Warton, Thomas, 10–11, 25, 28, 46n, 152, 157–62, 170–6, 184–6, 225n–226n, 236, 238
appointment to laureateship, 117–19, 121, 124–5, 145
his laureate odes, 192, 194, 197, 203, 218n, 220, 225–8, 230–2
wars,
Civil Wars/Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 34–7, 65
French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 26, 176–83
Seven Years’ War, 224
War of American Independence, 165, 167–9, 176, 224–5
War of the Austrian Succession/War of Jenkins’ Ear, 10
War of the Spanish Succession, 82
Whig party, 21–3, 35, 59, 62, 71, 74, 78, 83–8, 93–9, 106–8, 111, 113–14, 124, 126n–127n, 128–35, 139, 141–2, 146, 154, 194, 212; see also political partisanship
Whitehead, William, 24–6, 28, 151, 156–74, 176–7, 179, 183–6, 238
appointment to laureateship, 114–18, 115n–116n, 123–6
his laureate odes, 191–2, 194n, 197, 202–3, 218–28, 218n, 230–1
William, prince and duke of Gloucester, 35
William III, 19, 21, 33, 35–6, 44, 47, 51, 54, 58–9, 63, 65, 71, 84, 89–90, 93, 102, 194, 206–7
subject of odes, 190n, 204–12, 215, 219
Wilkes, John, 151, 153, 165, 176
Wilmot, John, 2nd earl of Rochester, 41, 44
Wolsey, Thomas, 132n
Wordsworth, William, 27, 194, 235–6
world, the, 4, 9–11, 34, 42, 48, 62, 64–5, 67, 71, 101–3, 150, 152, 237, 241