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Electronic Evidence and Electronic Signatures: Table of statutes

Electronic Evidence and Electronic Signatures
Table of statutes
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Title Page
  3. Copyright Page
  4. List of Contributors
  5. A note on our Creative Commons licence
  6. Dedication
  7. Contents
  8. Software is reliable and robust
  9. Preface
  10. Acknowledgments
  11. Table of statutes
  12. Table of cases
  13. 1. The sources and characteristics of electronic evidence and artificial intelligence
    1. Digital devices
      1. Processors
      2. Mobile devices
      3. Embedded devices
      4. Software
      5. Data storage facilities
      6. Data formats
      7. Starting a computer
    2. Networks
      1. Types of network
      2. Cloud computing
      3. The Internet of Things
      4. The deep web and the dark web
      5. Common network applications
    3. Types of evidence available on a digital device
      1. Files
      2. Metadata
      3. Imaging
      4. System and program logs
      5. Temporary files and cache files
      6. Deleted or ‘lost’ files
      7. Simulations, data visualizations, augmented and virtual reality
      8. Encryption and obfuscated data
    4. Artificial intelligence and machine learning
      1. Simulations, data visualizations, augmented and virtual reality
      2. Transparency and explainability
      3. AI adversarial attacks
    5. Defining electronic evidence
      1. The dependency on machinery and software
      2. The mediation of technology
      3. Speed of change
      4. Volume and replication
      5. Storage and disclosure
    6. Concluding remarks
  14. 2. The foundations of evidence in electronic form
    1. Direct and indirect evidence
    2. Evidence in both digital and analogue form
    3. Metadata and electronic evidence
    4. Means of proof
      1. Testimony and hearsay
      2. Real evidence
    5. Documents and disclosure or discovery
    6. Visual reading of a document
    7. Authentication
    8. Best evidence
    9. Analogue evidence
    10. Digital evidence
    11. Civil proceedings
    12. Criminal proceedings
    13. Admissibility
    14. Weight
    15. Video and audio evidence
      1. Testimonial use in legal proceedings
      2. Identification and recognition evidence
    16. Computer-generated animations and simulations
      1. Computer-generated evidence in England and Wales: civil proceedings
      2. Computer-generated evidence in England and Wales: criminal proceedings
  15. 3. Hearsay
    1. The rule of hearsay exclusion and its rationale
    2. The right of confrontation
    3. Hearsay and electronic evidence
    4. Electronic evidence and real evidence
    5. Testimonial and non-testimonial use of information
    6. Implied assertions
    7. Civil proceedings and the requirement to give notice
    8. Criminal proceedings
      1. Telephone calls and messages
      2. Representations other than by a person
      3. Body-worn camera footage
      4. Business and other documents
      5. Judicial discretion to include hearsay
      6. Judicial discretion to exclude hearsay
    9. Concluding observations
  16. 4. Software code as the witness
    1. The classification of digital data
      1. Category 1: Content written by one or more people
      2. Category 2: Records generated by the software that have not had any input from a human
      3. Category 3: Records comprising a mix of human input and calculations generated by software
    2. Challenging the code to test the truth of the statement
  17. 5. The presumption that computers are ‘reliable’
    1. The purpose of a presumption
    2. Presumptions and mechanical instruments
    3. Judicial formulations of the presumption that mechanical instruments are in order when used
      1. Judicial notice
      2. A ‘notorious’ class
      3. Common knowledge
    4. Evidential foundations of the presumption
    5. How judges assess the evidence of devices controlled by software
    6. Mechanical instruments and computer-like devices
    7. The nature of software errors
      1. Why software appears to fail
      2. Classification of software errors
    8. The development, maintenance and operation of software
      1. Developmental issues and software errors
      2. Increasing the risk of errors through modification of software
      3. Security vulnerabilities
      4. Software testing
      5. Writing software that is free of faults
      6. Software standards
      7. Summary
    9. Challenging ‘reliability’
      1. Aviation
      2. Financial products
      3. Motor vehicles
      4. Emergency services
      5. Medical
      6. The Post Office Horizon scandal
      7. Banking
      8. Interception of communications
    10. Most computer errors are either immediately detectable or result from input errors
    11. Challenging the authenticity of digital data – trial within a trial
      1. A protocol for challenging software in devices and systems
    12. Reintroduction of the common law presumption
    13. The statutory presumption
    14. Challenging the presumption
      1. ‘Working properly’
    15. Concluding remarks
  18. 6. Authenticating electronic evidence
    1. Authenticity and authentication
      1. An example: email
      2. Digital evidence compared to past paradigms
      3. Admissibility and authentication
      4. The best evidence rule
      5. Identity and integrity
      6. Reliability
    2. Methods of authentication
      1. Self-authentication
      2. System authentication
      3. Digital certification
      4. Digital forensics
      5. Extrinsic and circumstantial evidence
      6. Judicial notice
      7. Digital evidence in archival systems
    3. Technological authentication
      1. Digital signatures
      2. Blockchain
    4. Challenges to the authenticity of evidence in digital form
      1. The cloud
      2. The Internet of Things
      3. Digital preservation
      4. Migration and format changes
    5. The business records exception to the rule against hearsay
      1. The business records exception
      2. Authentication of digital business records
    6. Conclusion
  19. 7. Electronic signatures
    1. The purpose of a signature
    2. Dictionary definitions
    3. The manuscript signature
    4. Statutory definition of signature
    5. The functions of a signature
      1. The primary evidential function
      2. Secondary evidential functions
      3. Cautionary function
      4. Protective function
      5. Channelling function
      6. Record-keeping function
    6. Disputing a manuscript signature
      1. Defences
      2. Evidence of the manuscript signature
      3. Intention to authenticate and adopt the document
    7. The electronic signature
    8. Forms of electronic signature
      1. Authority, delegation and ratification
      2. Forged signatures
    9. Evidence of intent to sign
      1. The automatic inclusion of the signature
      2. Partial document with separate signature page
    10. The Electronic Communications Act 2000
      1. The definition of an electronic signature
      2. The elements of an electronic signature
      3. Liability of a certification service provider
      4. The power to modify legislation
      5. Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
    11. Electronic sound
    12. The ‘I accept’ and ‘wrap’ methods of indicating intent
      1. Click wrap
      2. Browse wrap
      3. ‘I accept’
    13. Personal Identification Number (PIN) and password
    14. Typing a name into an electronic document
      1. Acts by a lawyer as agent
      2. Interest in real property
      3. Loan of money
      4. Employment
      5. Contract
      6. Guarantees and debt
      7. Public administration, the judiciary and the police
      8. Statute of Frauds
      9. Wills
      10. Constitution of a legal entity
      11. Amending boilerplate contractual terms
    15. The name in an email address
      1. Limitation Act 1969 (NSW)
      2. Statute of Frauds
      3. Legal fees arrangement
      4. Civil Law Act
    16. A manuscript signature that has been scanned
      1. Mortgage redemption
      2. Writing
      3. Employment
    17. Biodynamic version of a manuscript signature
      1. Electoral register
      2. Contract formation
    18. Digital signatures
      1. Technical overview of digital signatures
      2. Algorithms and keys
      3. Control of the key
      4. Disguising the message
      5. Public key infrastructure
      6. Difficulties with public key infrastructure
      7. Authenticating the sender
      8. The ideal attributes of a signature in electronic form
      9. Methods of authentication
      10. Types of infrastructure for asymmetric cryptographic systems
      11. Management of the key and certificate
      12. The duties of a user
      13. Internal management of a certification authority
      14. Barriers to the use of the public key infrastructure
      15. Risks associated with the use of digital signatures
      16. What a digital signature is capable of doing
      17. What no form of electronic signature is capable of doing
      18. The weakest link
      19. The burden of managing the private key
      20. Evidence and digital signatures
      21. ‘Non-repudiation’
      22. Certifying certificates
      23. The burden of proof
      24. The recipient’s procedural and due diligence burden
      25. The sending party: the burden of proof of security and integrity
      26. Burden of proof – the jitsuin
      27. Burden of proof – summary
  20. 8. Encrypted data
    1. Encryption
    2. Methods to obtain encrypted data
      1. Breaking the encryption without obtaining the key
      2. Obtaining the key
    3. Compelling disclosure in England and Wales
      1. Protected information
      2. Notice requiring disclosure
      3. Obligations of secrecy and tipping off
      4. Circumventing the procedure
    4. The privilege against self-incrimination
      1. England and Wales
      2. The USA
      3. Canada
      4. Belgium
    5. Concluding observations
  21. 9. Proof: the technical collection and examination of electronic evidence
    1. Accreditation of the digital forensics discipline
    2. Guidelines for handling digital evidence
    3. Handling electronic evidence
      1. Identifying electronic evidence
      2. Gathering electronic evidence
      3. Gathering of data following legal retention or reporting obligations
      4. Copying electronic evidence
    4. Forensic triage
      1. Preserving electronic evidence
    5. Analysis of electronic evidence
      1. Tools
      2. Traces of evidence
    6. Reporting
    7. Analysis of a failure
    8. Anti-forensics and interpretation of evidence
      1. Data destruction
      2. Falsifying data
      3. Hiding data
      4. Attacks against computer forensics
      5. Trail obfuscation
    9. An intellectual framework for analysing electronic evidence
    10. Conclusions and future considerations
  22. 10. Competence of witnesses
    1. The need for witnesses
    2. Separating data reliability from computer reliability
    3. Lay experts as witnesses
    4. Qualification of witnesses
  23. Appendix 1: Draft Convention on Electronic Evidence
  24. Appendix 2: Cumulative vignettes
  25. Index

Table of statutes

Australia

Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth)7.198
Commonwealth Evidence Act 19956.61 fn 2
s 155
Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth)
s 10(1)(a)7.198
s 10(1)(b)7.198
Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)5.260 fn 1, 6.61 fn 2
s 59(1)3.35 fn 1
s 683.30 fn 5
s 693.31 fn 4
s 69(3)3.31 fn 3
New South Wales
Electronic Transaction Act 2000 (NSW)
s 9(1)7.156
Limitation Act 1969 (NSW)7.155
s 147.156
s 547.156
s 54(4)7.156
Northern Territory
Electronic Transactions (Northern Territory) Act 2000 (NT)
s 97.118
Victoria
Instruments Act 1958 (Vic)
s 1267.131

Canada

Federal
Canada Evidence Act 1995 (Cth)
s 246.61 fn 2
s 256.61 fn 2
s 266.61 fn 2
s 29(2)2.31
s 31.2(1)(a)6.51
s 31.3(1)6.44
s 31.56.26
s 41.26.27
s 41.36.27
Ontario
Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 247.125, fn 2
Quebec
Code civil du Québec
art 7267.140
Saskatchewan
Electronic Information and Documents Act 2000, S.S. 20007.147
Wills Act, 1996, S.S. 1996
s 377.147

China

Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China of 20047.120, fn 2
Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China of 20157.120 fn 2

Denmark

Administration of Justice Act 2004
s 261(2)7.193
Registration of Property Act
s 9(1)7.193

England and Wales

B
Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 18792.67 fn 4, 6.113 fn 1, 6.115, 6.119
s 36.113 fn 1
s 46.116
s 56.115
s 96.118
s 9(2)6.120
Betting and Gaming Act 19812.31
Bills of Exchange Act 18827.1 fn 2
s 247.332. fn 1
C
Civil Evidence Act 19952.46, 2.64, 5.214
s 1(1)3.30
s 1(2)(b)3.30 fn 6
s 23.30 fn 3, 3.30 fn 5
s 33.30 fn 5
s 4(2)(c)3.30 fn 7
s 7(2)3.31
s 82.49, 2.59, 2.66, 6.23
s 8(1)2.59, 2.60, 2.61
a 8(1)(a)2.59, 2.60
s 8(1)(b)2.59, 2.60
s 8(2)2.59, 2.62
s 96.61 fn 2
s 9(2)3.31 fn 1
s 9(3)3.32
s 9(4)3.31 fn 3
s 9(4)(a)3.31 fn 5
s 9(5)3.31 fn 2
s 113.30 fn 1
s 132.27, 2.60
Communications Act 2003
s 127(1)(a)1.82
s 127(3)1.82
s 406(1), sch 17(158)7.51
s 406(7), sch 19(1)7.51, 7.55 fn 1
Computer Misuse Act 19908.41 fn 3
s 3(1)9.132
Consumer Credit Act 19747.101
s 77A5.177
Consumer Credit Act 2006
s 65.177
Criminal Evidence Act 19652.16
s 1(1)2.17 fn 1
s 1(1)(a)2.16
Criminal Justice Act 1925
s 412.75 fn 1
Criminal Justice Act 19883.33
s 23(3)
s 242.64 fn 1, 3.56
s 24(4)3.56
s 272.64 fn 1, 5.210, 6.24
s 35(A)2.73 fn 2
s 35(A)(2)2.73 fn 3
Part II2.64 fn 1
sch 133.59
sch 1610.6 fn 2
Criminal Justice Act 1991
s 542.73 fn 3
Criminal Justice Act 20032.46, 3.33, 3.54
s 27
s 1143.33, 3.34
s 114(1)3.33, 3.34, 3.34 fn 1, 3.36 fn 4
s 114(1)(d)2.68 fn 2
s 114(2)2.72
s 1156.25
s 115(2)3.34 fn 1
s 115(3)3.34 fn 2
s 115(3)(a) and (b)3.36 fn 4
s 1173.56, 3.59, 10.20 fn 2
s 117(2)(a)3.60
s 117(2)(b)3.60
s 118(1)3.34
s 118(2)3.35 fn 2
s 118(4)3.54 fn 1
s 1213.33 fn 3
s 121(c)3.33 fn 3
s 126(1)(b)3.64
s 129 3.46, 4.11 fn 1, 5.247
s 129(1)3.48 fn 2, 4.13 fn 1, 5.245
s 129(2)3.48 fn 3, 5.247
s 1332.49, 2.63, 2.64, 2.66, 6.23
s 134(1)6.24 fn 3
Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001
s 568.43 fn 1
E
Electronic Communications Act 20007.51, 7.75, 7.175, 7.175 fn 1
s 4(2)7.51
s 77.51, 7.62, 7.66, 7.175
s 7(1)7.62
s 7(1)(a)7.63
s 7(1)(b)7.63, 7.64
s 7(2)7.54, 7.75, 7.175
s 7(2)(a)1.175
s 7(3)7.64, 7.65
s 8(1)7.69
s 8(2)(a)7.71 fn 1
s 8(2)(b)7.71 fn 2
s 8(2)(c)7.71 fn 3
s 8(2)(d)7.71 fn 4
s 8(2)(e)7.71 fn 5
s 8(2)(f)7.71 fn 6
s 8(2)(g)7.71 fn 7
s 8(3)7.70
s 8(4)7.72
s 8(4)(g)7.72, 7.74
s 8(5)7.72, 7.73, 7.74
s 8(6)7.70
s 8(6)(b)7.70
s 8(7)7.69 fn 1
s 117.51
s 127.51
s 147.51
s 15(1)7.51, 7.55
s 15(2)7.63
Extradition Act 2003
s 27.132
s 2(7)7.132, 7.133
s 2(8)7.132
F
Finance Act 1999
s 1327.69 fn 1
Freedom of Information Act 2000
s 322.31
H
Human Fertilisation And Embryology Act 20085.225, 5.254 fn 5
Human Rights Act 19985.234, 8.46
s 2(1)8.46 fn 4
s 6(1)8.46 fn 3
s 82.75 fn 1
I
Insolvency Act 1986
s 206(1)(c)2.32 fn 1
Interpretation Act 19787.10
sch 12.27
Investigatory Powers Act 2016
s 62(7)9.23 fn 1
L
Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989
s 27.44, 7.115 fn 1
P
Police Act 1996
s 22A9.17 fn 3
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 198410.4
s 88.13 fn 3
s 188.13 fn 2
s 6810.6, 10.6 fn 2
s 692.38, 2.38 fn 2, 5.1 fn 1, 5.192 fn 1, 5.211, 10.8, 10.12, 10.17
s 782.68 fn 2, 8.51 fn 2, 10.21
sch 7 pt III2.16 fn 2
Police (Property) Act 18978.43
s 18.42 fn 1
Policing and Crime Act 2009
s 265.222 fn 9
s 112(1)(2)5.222 fn 9
s 116(6)5.222 fn 9
sch 7 para 128(2)5.222 fn 9
sch 8 pt 135.222 fn 9
Prevention of Terrorism Act 20058.47
Proceeds of Crime Act 2002
s 69.92 fn 1
Protection from Harassment Act 19974.26
R
Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 20007.51, 7.76, 7.250, 8.8, 8.41, 8.42, 8.44
s 32(3)(b)8.14 fn 4
s 497.76, 7.250, 8.1 fn 1, 8.10 fn 1, 8.10 fn 2, 8.10 fn 3, 8.12, 8.16, 8.41, 8.48
s 49(2)8.13
s 49(3)8.14 fn 3
s 49(4)8.20
s 49(4)(b)8.20 fn 1, 8.20 fn 4
s 49(4)(c)8.20 fn 2
s 49(4)(f)8.20 fn 3
s 49(4)(g)8.20 fn 5
s 49(5), (6)8.22 fn 2
s 49(7)8.22 fn 3
s 49(9)8.24 fn 1
s 49(9)(b)8.25 fn 1
s 50(1)8.21 fn 1
s 50(3)8.10 fn 3, 8.22 fn 1
s 50(4), (5), (6), (7), (8)8.22 fn 1
s 528.20
s 538.10 fn 1, 8.48
s 53(1)8.26 fn 1
s 53(3)(a)8.27 fn 1
s 53(3)(b)8.27 fn 3
s 53(4)8.28 fn 1
s 53(5)8.30 fn 1, 8.30 fn 2
s 53(5A)(a)8.30 fn 1
s 53(5A)(b)8.30 fn 2
s 53(5B)8.30 fn 3
s 53(6)8.30 fn 4
s 53(7)8.30 fn 4
s 548.10 fn 4, 8.38 fn 1
s 54(1)8.38 fn 2
s 54(4)8.38 fn 3
s 54(5)8.38 fn 4
s 54(6)8.38 fn 5
s 54(7)8.38 fn 6
s 54(8)8.38 fn 1
s 54(9)8.39 fn 7
s 54(10)8.38 fn 8
s 56(1)7.76, 8.3 fn 2, 8.9, 8.23
s 56(2)8.17
s 71(4)8.8 fn 1
s 82, sch 4(10)7.51
sch 2 para 1(1)8.14 fn 1
Part III8.47
Road Traffic Act 1988
s 5(1)(a)5.219
s 7(1)(a)5.219
Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988
s 205.222 fn 4
S
Statute of Frauds 16777.46, 7.137, 7.157, 7.164, 7.184
s 47.158, 7.159, 7.180, 7.181
T
Taxes Management Act 1970
s 20D(3)2.27
W
Water Resources Act 1991
sch 4 Pt II7.10 fn 1
Y
Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999
s 272.73
s 602.38 fn 2, 5.1 fn 1, 5.211 fn 1, 5.214 fn 1
sch 65.211 fn 1

France

Civil Code
art 1316-47.195

Japan

Civil Procedure Law (No 109 of 1998)
art 228 (2), (3)7.325 fn 2
art 228 (4)7.325 fn 1
art 2297.325 fn 3
Depositor Protection Act 20057.107 fn 1
New Zealand
Evidence Act 2006
s 43.35 fn 1
s 83.64 fn 1
s 18(1)(b)(i)3.5 fn 3
s 203.31 fn 4

Scotland

Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 20007.135
Legal Writings (Counterparts and Delivery) (Scotland) Act 20157.49

Singapore

Civil Law Act (Cap 43, 1994 Rev Ed).
s 6(d)7.183, 7.184, 7.186
Electronic Transactions Act 1998
s 4(1)(d)7.185
Legal Profession Act (Cap 161, 2001 Rev Ed)
s 1117.189

South Africa

Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965)
Wills Act 34 of 1964
s 2(1)7.144
s 2(1)(a)7.142
s 2(3) 7.143, 7.144, 7.146

United States of America

Federal
All Writs Act 28 U.S. Code § 16518.77, 8.78
Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C.
§106(5)7.82
Federal Rules of Evidence6.31, 10.10
Rule 902(1), (2)6.61 fn 2
Rule 902(11)6.61 fn 2
Uniform Electronic Transactions Act K.S.A. 2006 Supp 16-1601
s 16-1602(f)7.85
s 16-1602(h)7.85
s 16-1602(i)7.85

Kansas

Statute of Frauds Ch 337.84, 7.86, 7.87

Kentucky

Kentucky Revised Statute 2015, 371.010 Statute of frauds7.88

Tennessee

Tennessee Code Ch 2 Statute of Frauds7.117

Table of Statutory Instruments

England and Wales
Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/10147.710
Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2016, SI 2016/120 (L. 1)8.42 fn 2
Education (Restriction of Employment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/2419
reg 5(1)(c)9.66
Electronic Communications Act 2000 (Commencement No 1) Order 2000, SI 2000/17987.51
The Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Regulations 2016, SI 2016/6967.51, 7.54 fn 1
The Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019/897.51
Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002, SI 2002/3187.67
reg 4(1)(d)7.67 fn 1
reg 4(3)(d)7.67 fn 1
Magistrates’ Court Rules 1981, SI 1981/552
r 3A(2)8.42 fn 2
The Magistrates’ Courts (Hearsay Evidence in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1999, SI 1999/6813.30 fn 2
The Payment Services Regulations 2009, SI 209/20097.332 fn 1
The Payment Services (Amendment) Regulations 2009, SI 2475/20097.332 fn 1
Northern Ireland
Criminal Justice (Evidence) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 No 1501 (N.I.10)
art 18(1)(b)3.50
art 22(1)(4)(a)3.50
art 33(2)5.33
Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 No. 1341 (N.I. 12)
art 61(8B)5.222

Table of European Legislation

Directives
Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ L13, 19.01.2000, 127.175 fn 1
Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), OJ L 187/1, 17.7.2000 17.175 fn 1
Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC, OJ L 145, 30.4.2004, 15.177 fn 1
Directive 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on payment services in the internal market amending Directives 97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 97/5/EC (Text with EEA relevance) OJ L 319, 5.12.2007, 17.332 fn 1
Directive (EU) 2016/343 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings OJ L 65, 11.3.2016, 18.87
Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC OJ L 130, 17.5.2019, 92
art 159.44 fn 2
art 179.44 fn 2
Regulations
Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, 17.98 fn 1
European Union Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC, OJ L257, 28.8.2014, 73
art 3(10)7.59, 7.59 fn 1

Table of International Legislation

Convention on Cybercrime ETS No.185 (Budapest, 23/11/2001)9.55, 9.55 fn 2
art 169.50 fn 1
art 299.50 fn 1
European Convention on Human Rights
art 68.46, 10.21
art 6(3)(d)3.7 fn 3
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights8.87
United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts
art 9(3)7.201

Table of Other Enactments

England and Wales
Civil Procedure Rules2.31, 9.17
R 312.39, 6.16
R 32.1(2) 2.69
R 32.196.16
R 32.32.73 fn 2
R 3510.23 fn 1
Criminal Procedure Rules
Part 3, rule 3.3(2)(c)(ii)5.199
Part 1910.23 fn 1
Rules of the Supreme Court
Or 242.29
European Commission
European Patent Convention Rules
R 50(3)7.240
Rules of Procedure of the General Court of 2 May 1991
art 3(1)7.112
Germany
Zivilprozessordnung
§ 1307.194
§ 130(6)7.194

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