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Australia
| Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) | 7.198 |
| Commonwealth Evidence Act 1995 | 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 155 | |
| Electronic Transactions Act 1999 (Cth) | |
| s 10(1)(a) | 7.198 |
| s 10(1)(b) | 7.198 |
| Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) | 5.260 fn 1, 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 59(1) | 3.35 fn 1 |
| s 68 | 3.30 fn 5 |
| s 69 | 3.31 fn 4 |
| s 69(3) | 3.31 fn 3 |
| New South Wales | |
| Electronic Transaction Act 2000 (NSW) | |
| s 9(1) | 7.156 |
| Limitation Act 1969 (NSW) | 7.155 |
| s 14 | 7.156 |
| s 54 | 7.156 |
| s 54(4) | 7.156 |
| Northern Territory | |
| Electronic Transactions (Northern Territory) Act 2000 (NT) | |
| s 9 | 7.118 |
| Victoria | |
| Instruments Act 1958 (Vic) | |
| s 126 | 7.131 |
Canada
| Federal | |
| Canada Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) | |
| s 24 | 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 25 | 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 26 | 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 29(2) | 2.31 |
| s 31.2(1)(a) | 6.51 |
| s 31.3(1) | 6.44 |
| s 31.5 | 6.26 |
| s 41.2 | 6.27 |
| s 41.3 | 6.27 |
| Ontario | |
| Limitations Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, c. 24 | 7.125, fn 2 |
| Quebec | |
| Code civil du Québec | |
| art 726 | 7.140 |
| Saskatchewan | |
| Electronic Information and Documents Act 2000, S.S. 2000 | 7.147 |
| Wills Act, 1996, S.S. 1996 | |
| s 37 | 7.147 |
China
| Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2004 | 7.120, fn 2 |
| Electronic Signatures Law of the People’s Republic of China of 2015 | 7.120 fn 2 |
Denmark
| Administration of Justice Act 2004 | |
| s 261(2) | 7.193 |
| Registration of Property Act | |
| s 9(1) | 7.193 |
England and Wales
| B | |
| Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 1879 | 2.67 fn 4, 6.113 fn 1, 6.115, 6.119 |
| s 3 | 6.113 fn 1 |
| s 4 | 6.116 |
| s 5 | 6.115 |
| s 9 | 6.118 |
| s 9(2) | 6.120 |
| Betting and Gaming Act 1981 | 2.31 |
| Bills of Exchange Act 1882 | 7.1 fn 2 |
| s 24 | 7.332. fn 1 |
| C | |
| Civil Evidence Act 1995 | 2.46, 2.64, 5.214 |
| s 1(1) | 3.30 |
| s 1(2)(b) | 3.30 fn 6 |
| s 2 | 3.30 fn 3, 3.30 fn 5 |
| s 3 | 3.30 fn 5 |
| s 4(2)(c) | 3.30 fn 7 |
| s 7(2) | 3.31 |
| s 8 | 2.49, 2.59, 2.66, 6.23 |
| s 8(1) | 2.59, 2.60, 2.61 |
| a 8(1)(a) | 2.59, 2.60 |
| s 8(1)(b) | 2.59, 2.60 |
| s 8(2) | 2.59, 2.62 |
| s 9 | 6.61 fn 2 |
| s 9(2) | 3.31 fn 1 |
| s 9(3) | 3.32 |
| s 9(4) | 3.31 fn 3 |
| s 9(4)(a) | 3.31 fn 5 |
| s 9(5) | 3.31 fn 2 |
| s 11 | 3.30 fn 1 |
| s 13 | 2.27, 2.60 |
| Communications Act 2003 | |
| s 127(1)(a) | 1.82 |
| s 127(3) | 1.82 |
| s 406(1), sch 17(158) | 7.51 |
| s 406(7), sch 19(1) | 7.51, 7.55 fn 1 |
| Computer Misuse Act 1990 | 8.41 fn 3 |
| s 3(1) | 9.132 |
| Consumer Credit Act 1974 | 7.101 |
| s 77A | 5.177 |
| Consumer Credit Act 2006 | |
| s 6 | 5.177 |
| Criminal Evidence Act 1965 | 2.16 |
| s 1(1) | 2.17 fn 1 |
| s 1(1)(a) | 2.16 |
| Criminal Justice Act 1925 | |
| s 41 | 2.75 fn 1 |
| Criminal Justice Act 1988 | 3.33 |
| s 23(3) | |
| s 24 | 2.64 fn 1, 3.56 |
| s 24(4) | 3.56 |
| s 27 | 2.64 fn 1, 5.210, 6.24 |
| s 35(A) | 2.73 fn 2 |
| s 35(A)(2) | 2.73 fn 3 |
| Part II | 2.64 fn 1 |
| sch 13 | 3.59 |
| sch 16 | 10.6 fn 2 |
| Criminal Justice Act 1991 | |
| s 54 | 2.73 fn 3 |
| Criminal Justice Act 2003 | 2.46, 3.33, 3.54 |
| s 27 | |
| s 114 | 3.33, 3.34 |
| s 114(1) | 3.33, 3.34, 3.34 fn 1, 3.36 fn 4 |
| s 114(1)(d) | 2.68 fn 2 |
| s 114(2) | 2.72 |
| s 115 | 6.25 |
| s 115(2) | 3.34 fn 1 |
| s 115(3) | 3.34 fn 2 |
| s 115(3)(a) and (b) | 3.36 fn 4 |
| s 117 | 3.56, 3.59, 10.20 fn 2 |
| s 117(2)(a) | 3.60 |
| s 117(2)(b) | 3.60 |
| s 118(1) | 3.34 |
| s 118(2) | 3.35 fn 2 |
| s 118(4) | 3.54 fn 1 |
| s 121 | 3.33 fn 3 |
| s 121(c) | 3.33 fn 3 |
| s 126(1)(b) | 3.64 |
| s 129 | 3.46, 4.11 fn 1, 5.247 |
| s 129(1) | 3.48 fn 2, 4.13 fn 1, 5.245 |
| s 129(2) | 3.48 fn 3, 5.247 |
| s 133 | 2.49, 2.63, 2.64, 2.66, 6.23 |
| s 134(1) | 6.24 fn 3 |
| Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 | |
| s 56 | 8.43 fn 1 |
| E | |
| Electronic Communications Act 2000 | 7.51, 7.75, 7.175, 7.175 fn 1 |
| s 4(2) | 7.51 |
| s 7 | 7.51, 7.62, 7.66, 7.175 |
| s 7(1) | 7.62 |
| s 7(1)(a) | 7.63 |
| s 7(1)(b) | 7.63, 7.64 |
| s 7(2) | 7.54, 7.75, 7.175 |
| s 7(2)(a) | 1.175 |
| s 7(3) | 7.64, 7.65 |
| s 8(1) | 7.69 |
| s 8(2)(a) | 7.71 fn 1 |
| s 8(2)(b) | 7.71 fn 2 |
| s 8(2)(c) | 7.71 fn 3 |
| s 8(2)(d) | 7.71 fn 4 |
| s 8(2)(e) | 7.71 fn 5 |
| s 8(2)(f) | 7.71 fn 6 |
| s 8(2)(g) | 7.71 fn 7 |
| s 8(3) | 7.70 |
| s 8(4) | 7.72 |
| s 8(4)(g) | 7.72, 7.74 |
| s 8(5) | 7.72, 7.73, 7.74 |
| s 8(6) | 7.70 |
| s 8(6)(b) | 7.70 |
| s 8(7) | 7.69 fn 1 |
| s 11 | 7.51 |
| s 12 | 7.51 |
| s 14 | 7.51 |
| s 15(1) | 7.51, 7.55 |
| s 15(2) | 7.63 |
| Extradition Act 2003 | |
| s 2 | 7.132 |
| s 2(7) | 7.132, 7.133 |
| s 2(8) | 7.132 |
| F | |
| Finance Act 1999 | |
| s 132 | 7.69 fn 1 |
| Freedom of Information Act 2000 | |
| s 32 | 2.31 |
| H | |
| Human Fertilisation And Embryology Act 2008 | 5.225, 5.254 fn 5 |
| Human Rights Act 1998 | 5.234, 8.46 |
| s 2(1) | 8.46 fn 4 |
| s 6(1) | 8.46 fn 3 |
| s 8 | 2.75 fn 1 |
| I | |
| Insolvency Act 1986 | |
| s 206(1)(c) | 2.32 fn 1 |
| Interpretation Act 1978 | 7.10 |
| sch 1 | 2.27 |
| Investigatory Powers Act 2016 | |
| s 62(7) | 9.23 fn 1 |
| L | |
| Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 | |
| s 2 | 7.44, 7.115 fn 1 |
| P | |
| Police Act 1996 | |
| s 22A | 9.17 fn 3 |
| Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | 10.4 |
| s 8 | 8.13 fn 3 |
| s 18 | 8.13 fn 2 |
| s 68 | 10.6, 10.6 fn 2 |
| s 69 | 2.38, 2.38 fn 2, 5.1 fn 1, 5.192 fn 1, 5.211, 10.8, 10.12, 10.17 |
| s 78 | 2.68 fn 2, 8.51 fn 2, 10.21 |
| sch 7 pt III | 2.16 fn 2 |
| Police (Property) Act 1897 | 8.43 |
| s 1 | 8.42 fn 1 |
| Policing and Crime Act 2009 | |
| s 26 | 5.222 fn 9 |
| s 112(1)(2) | 5.222 fn 9 |
| s 116(6) | 5.222 fn 9 |
| sch 7 para 128(2) | 5.222 fn 9 |
| sch 8 pt 13 | 5.222 fn 9 |
| Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 | 8.47 |
| Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 | |
| s 6 | 9.92 fn 1 |
| Protection from Harassment Act 1997 | 4.26 |
| R | |
| Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 | 7.51, 7.76, 7.250, 8.8, 8.41, 8.42, 8.44 |
| s 32(3)(b) | 8.14 fn 4 |
| s 49 | 7.76, 7.250, 8.1 fn 1, 8.10 fn 1, 8.10 fn 2, 8.10 fn 3, 8.12, 8.16, 8.41, 8.48 |
| s 49(2) | 8.13 |
| s 49(3) | 8.14 fn 3 |
| s 49(4) | 8.20 |
| s 49(4)(b) | 8.20 fn 1, 8.20 fn 4 |
| s 49(4)(c) | 8.20 fn 2 |
| s 49(4)(f) | 8.20 fn 3 |
| s 49(4)(g) | 8.20 fn 5 |
| s 49(5), (6) | 8.22 fn 2 |
| s 49(7) | 8.22 fn 3 |
| s 49(9) | 8.24 fn 1 |
| s 49(9)(b) | 8.25 fn 1 |
| s 50(1) | 8.21 fn 1 |
| s 50(3) | 8.10 fn 3, 8.22 fn 1 |
| s 50(4), (5), (6), (7), (8) | 8.22 fn 1 |
| s 52 | 8.20 |
| s 53 | 8.10 fn 1, 8.48 |
| s 53(1) | 8.26 fn 1 |
| s 53(3)(a) | 8.27 fn 1 |
| s 53(3)(b) | 8.27 fn 3 |
| s 53(4) | 8.28 fn 1 |
| s 53(5) | 8.30 fn 1, 8.30 fn 2 |
| s 53(5A)(a) | 8.30 fn 1 |
| s 53(5A)(b) | 8.30 fn 2 |
| s 53(5B) | 8.30 fn 3 |
| s 53(6) | 8.30 fn 4 |
| s 53(7) | 8.30 fn 4 |
| s 54 | 8.10 fn 4, 8.38 fn 1 |
| s 54(1) | 8.38 fn 2 |
| s 54(4) | 8.38 fn 3 |
| s 54(5) | 8.38 fn 4 |
| s 54(6) | 8.38 fn 5 |
| s 54(7) | 8.38 fn 6 |
| s 54(8) | 8.38 fn 1 |
| s 54(9) | 8.39 fn 7 |
| s 54(10) | 8.38 fn 8 |
| s 56(1) | 7.76, 8.3 fn 2, 8.9, 8.23 |
| s 56(2) | 8.17 |
| s 71(4) | 8.8 fn 1 |
| s 82, sch 4(10) | 7.51 |
| sch 2 para 1(1) | 8.14 fn 1 |
| Part III | 8.47 |
| Road Traffic Act 1988 | |
| s 5(1)(a) | 5.219 |
| s 7(1)(a) | 5.219 |
| Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 | |
| s 20 | 5.222 fn 4 |
| S | |
| Statute of Frauds 1677 | 7.46, 7.137, 7.157, 7.164, 7.184 |
| s 4 | 7.158, 7.159, 7.180, 7.181 |
| T | |
| Taxes Management Act 1970 | |
| s 20D(3) | 2.27 |
| W | |
| Water Resources Act 1991 | |
| sch 4 Pt II | 7.10 fn 1 |
| Y | |
| Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 | |
| s 27 | 2.73 |
| s 60 | 2.38 fn 2, 5.1 fn 1, 5.211 fn 1, 5.214 fn 1 |
| sch 6 | 5.211 fn 1 |
France
| Civil Code | |
| art 1316-4 | 7.195 |
Japan
| Civil Procedure Law (No 109 of 1998) | |
| art 228 (2), (3) | 7.325 fn 2 |
| art 228 (4) | 7.325 fn 1 |
| art 229 | 7.325 fn 3 |
| Depositor Protection Act 2005 | 7.107 fn 1 |
| New Zealand | |
| Evidence Act 2006 | |
| s 4 | 3.35 fn 1 |
| s 8 | 3.64 fn 1 |
| s 18(1)(b)(i) | 3.5 fn 3 |
| s 20 | 3.31 fn 4 |
Scotland
| Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000 | 7.135 |
| Legal Writings (Counterparts and Delivery) (Scotland) Act 2015 | 7.49 |
Singapore
| Civil Law Act (Cap 43, 1994 Rev Ed). | |
| s 6(d) | 7.183, 7.184, 7.186 |
| Electronic Transactions Act 1998 | |
| s 4(1)(d) | 7.185 |
| Legal Profession Act (Cap 161, 2001 Rev Ed) | |
| s 111 | 7.189 |
South Africa
| Administration of Estates Act, 1965 (Act No. 66 of 1965) | |
| Wills Act 34 of 1964 | |
| s 2(1) | 7.144 |
| s 2(1)(a) | 7.142 |
| s 2(3) | 7.143, 7.144, 7.146 |
United States of America
| Federal | |
| All Writs Act 28 U.S. Code § 1651 | 8.77, 8.78 |
| Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. | |
| §106(5) | 7.82 |
| Federal Rules of Evidence | 6.31, 10.10 |
| Rule 902(1), (2) | 6.61 fn 2 |
| Rule 902(11) | 6.61 fn 2 |
| Uniform Electronic Transactions Act K.S.A. 2006 Supp 16-1601 | |
| s 16-1602(f) | 7.85 |
| s 16-1602(h) | 7.85 |
| s 16-1602(i) | 7.85 |
Kansas
| Statute of Frauds Ch 33 | 7.84, 7.86, 7.87 |
Kentucky
| Kentucky Revised Statute 2015, 371.010 Statute of frauds | 7.88 |
Tennessee
| Tennessee Code Ch 2 Statute of Frauds | 7.117 |
Table of Statutory Instruments
| England and Wales | |
| Consumer Credit (Agreements) Regulations 2010, SI 2010/1014 | 7.710 |
| Criminal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2016, SI 2016/120 (L. 1) | 8.42 fn 2 |
| Education (Restriction of Employment) Regulations 2000, SI 2000/2419 | |
| reg 5(1)(c) | 9.66 |
| Electronic Communications Act 2000 (Commencement No 1) Order 2000, SI 2000/1798 | 7.51 |
| The Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions Regulations 2016, SI 2016/696 | 7.51, 7.54 fn 1 |
| The Electronic Identification and Trust Services for Electronic Transactions (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019/89 | 7.51 |
| Electronic Signatures Regulations 2002, SI 2002/318 | 7.67 |
| reg 4(1)(d) | 7.67 fn 1 |
| reg 4(3)(d) | 7.67 fn 1 |
| Magistrates’ Court Rules 1981, SI 1981/552 | |
| r 3A(2) | 8.42 fn 2 |
| The Magistrates’ Courts (Hearsay Evidence in Civil Proceedings) Rules 1999, SI 1999/681 | 3.30 fn 2 |
| The Payment Services Regulations 2009, SI 209/2009 | 7.332 fn 1 |
| The Payment Services (Amendment) Regulations 2009, SI 2475/2009 | 7.332 fn 1 |
| Northern Ireland | |
| Criminal Justice (Evidence) (Northern Ireland) Order 2004 No 1501 (N.I.10) | |
| art 18(1)(b) | 3.50 |
| art 22(1)(4)(a) | 3.50 |
| art 33(2) | 5.33 |
| Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989 No. 1341 (N.I. 12) | |
| art 61(8B) | 5.222 |
Table of European Legislation
| Directives | |
| Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures, OJ L13, 19.01.2000, 12 | 7.175 fn 1 |
| Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), OJ L 187/1, 17.7.2000 1 | 7.175 fn 1 |
| Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 on markets in financial instruments amending Council Directives 85/611/EEC and 93/6/EEC and Directive 2000/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directive 93/22/EEC, OJ L 145, 30.4.2004, 1 | 5.177 fn 1 |
| Directive 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on payment services in the internal market amending Directives 97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 97/5/EC (Text with EEA relevance) OJ L 319, 5.12.2007, 1 | 7.332 fn 1 |
| Directive (EU) 2016/343 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 2016 on the strengthening of certain aspects of the presumption of innocence and of the right to be present at the trial in criminal proceedings OJ L 65, 11.3.2016, 1 | 8.87 |
| Directive (EU) 2019/790 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market and amending Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC OJ L 130, 17.5.2019, 92 | |
| art 15 | 9.44 fn 2 |
| art 17 | 9.44 fn 2 |
| Regulations | |
| Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. OJ L 12, 16.1.2001, 1 | 7.98 fn 1 |
| European Union Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 on electronic identification and trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market and repealing Directive 1999/93/EC, OJ L257, 28.8.2014, 73 | |
| art 3(10) | 7.59, 7.59 fn 1 |
Table of International Legislation
| Convention on Cybercrime ETS No.185 (Budapest, 23/11/2001) | 9.55, 9.55 fn 2 |
| art 16 | 9.50 fn 1 |
| art 29 | 9.50 fn 1 |
| European Convention on Human Rights | |
| art 6 | 8.46, 10.21 |
| art 6(3)(d) | 3.7 fn 3 |
| International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | 8.87 |
| United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts | |
| art 9(3) | 7.201 |
Table of Other Enactments
| England and Wales | |
| Civil Procedure Rules | 2.31, 9.17 |
| R 31 | 2.39, 6.16 |
| R 32.1(2) | 2.69 |
| R 32.19 | 6.16 |
| R 32.3 | 2.73 fn 2 |
| R 35 | 10.23 fn 1 |
| Criminal Procedure Rules | |
| Part 3, rule 3.3(2)(c)(ii) | 5.199 |
| Part 19 | 10.23 fn 1 |
| Rules of the Supreme Court | |
| Or 24 | 2.29 |
| European Commission | |
| European Patent Convention Rules | |
| R 50(3) | 7.240 |
| Rules of Procedure of the General Court of 2 May 1991 | |
| art 3(1) | 7.112 |
| Germany | |
| Zivilprozessordnung | |
| § 130 | 7.194 |
| § 130(6) | 7.194 |