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The Signature in Law: From the Thirteenth Century to the Facsimile: The Signature in Law: From the Thirteenth Century to the Facsimile

The Signature in Law: From the Thirteenth Century to the Facsimile
The Signature in Law: From the Thirteenth Century to the Facsimile
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Contents
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. Table of cases
  9. Table of statutes
  10. 1 An introduction to the signature
    1. Dictionary definitions
    2. The manuscript signature
    3. Statutory definition of signature
  11. 2 The functions of a signature
    1. The primary evidential function
    2. Secondary evidential functions
    3. Cautionary function
    4. Protective function
    5. Channelling function
    6. Record-keeping function
  12. 3 Disputing a manuscript signature
    1. Defences
    2. Evidence of the manuscript signature
      1. The identity of the person affixing the manuscript signature
      2. Intention to authenticate and adopt the document
  13. 4 Methods of authentication before manuscript signatures
    1. Objects as a means of authentication
    2. The seal
    3. Witnesses and scribes
    4. The sign of the cross
    5. The chirograph
  14. 5 Manuscript signatures
    1. Impression of a mark
      1. Bills of exchange
      2. An interest in real property
      3. Wills
      4. United States of America
    2. Illegible writing
    3. Assisted signature or mark
      1. Wills
    4. A name without a signature
    5. Mistake as to the name
    6. Variations of a name
      1. Voting
      2. Wills
      3. United States of America
    7. The use of initials
      1. Statute of Frauds
      2. Judicial use
      3. Wills
      4. Rights in property
      5. Voting
      6. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990
      7. United States of America
    8. The use of a surname
      1. Statute of Frauds
      2. Deeds
    9. The use of a trade name
    10. A partial signature
    11. Words other than a name
    12. An identifying phrase
    13. Abbreviation of a name
  15. 6 Marks used as signatures
    1. A seal imprint
      1. Wills
      2. Interest in real property
      3. Court records
    2. The use of a fingerprint
    3. The use of a printed name
      1. Statute of Frauds
      2. Real property
      3. Public notices
    4. The use of a lithographed name
    5. The use of a rubber stamp
      1. Wills
      2. Voting
      3. Judicial use
      4. Statute of Frauds
      5. Ecclesiastical use
      6. Solicitors Act 1932
      7. Administrative use
      8. United States of America
    6. A stencil-pen
  16. 7 Mechanical signatures
    1. Signature machines
    2. Mechanical marks by human action
      1. Typewriting
      2. Telegram
      3. Telex
      4. Facsimile
  17. 8 The writing material
  18. 9 An incorrect signature and absence of a signature
  19. Index

Index

abbreviation of name as signature 35 fn 112, 37
absence of
full signature 28
signature 66 fn 7, 89
administrative use 58
arthritis 54 fn 69
assisted signature 24
ataxia 53
attorney, power of, cablegram 71 fn 3
Australia
facsimile 78
forged manuscript signature 11 fn 1
name typed on document, adopt 65 fn 4
telex 78
authenticated signature fiction 67
authentication
chirograph 17
court records 16
differing assertions as to 2
distinctive handwriting 16
methods of, before manuscript signatures 15
objects 15
scribes 16
seal 15
sign of cross 17
signature as means of 4, 9
SWIFT 81
witnesses 9
authority, signature and
agent 46
attorney 65
initials, as agent 27, 31 fn 83
rubber stamp 53
signature machines 64
telegraph 71, 72, 73 fn 41
telex 76, 79 fn 57
typewritten name 65
Barclay Street, New York 34
bill of costs
abbreviation of name 37
signed with rubber stamp 56
bill of exchange
numbers as substitute for name 21 fn 16
signed by mark 19
using lead pencil 86 fn 10
Canada
facsimile transmission 82, 84
illegible signature 23
initials as signature, will 30
rubber stamp 53, 55, 58
typed signature 69
unknown method of signature 12, 58 fn 88
carrier
document 6
durable record 10
paper, physical alteration of 12
cheque
generally 2
initials 31 fn 82
name printed 3, 13
cipher (tuğra) of the Ottoman sultans 4 fn 18
court record, seal imprint 43
cross, sign of 17
deeds 21, 23, 26, 33, 42, 63, 87
definition 4, 6
contentious expansion of meaning 32
document
intention to authenticate and adopt 13
ecclesiastical use, rubber stamp 56
Edward III 19
electronic signature, first form 70
erf 20
erysipelas 65
evidence
burden, evidential 11, 12
burden of proof 51, 65
electronic documents, false arguments 88
unable to determine type of signature 58 fn 88
facsimile 49 fn 50 and 52, 62, 63
generally 78
Interpretation Act 6
rubber stamp 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60 fn 99 and 100 and 101 and 102 and 104, 62, 62 fn 104
fingerprint 21, 44
functions of signature see Chapter 2
cautionary function 9
channelling function 10
primary evidential function 9
protective function 9
record keeping function 10
secondary evidential function 9
guarantee
correction of error 86
initials, property 30
lease signed by signature machine 64
Statute of Frauds 1677, telex 75
guiding hand 25
handwriting
analysis of manuscript signature 12
establish authenticity 16
identifying phrase, signature 36
illegible writing 22
impression of mark as signature
lithographed name 52
printed name 44
rubber stamp 52
seal imprint 15, 39
signature machines 64
stencil-pen 62
initials as signature 24, 27
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 30
indecipherable marks 24
judicial use 28
rights in property 30
Statute of Frauds 1677 27
United States of America 31
voting 30
wills see wills
intention
authenticate and adopt 5, 13, 37
stamp 58, 8
insurance document
mark, use of 21 fn 18
judicial use of signature
initials 28
pencil see pencil
mark as signature, notice of appeal 49 fn 54
rubber stamp 54, 61
seal imprint, record 43
telegrams 73 fn 40
lease
autopen 64
facsimile 82
initials 30, 31 fn 83
name acts to authenticate 48
pencil see pencil
rubber stamp 83
seal 42
typed that did not bind 66 fn 6
Limitation Act 1980, telex 76
lithographed name, as signature 52
malicious software 81
manuscript signature
defences 11
disputing 11
early example of 19
functions of see function of signature
handwriting analysis of 12
identity of person affixing 12
intent to authenticate and adopt 13
writing material used for 85
mark
assisted mark 24
bills of exchange 19
cross 17
generally 39
interests in real property 40
promissory note 20 fn 6
United States of America 21
wills see wills
mechanical marks
facsimile 78
introduction 64
telegram 70
telex 75
typewriting 64
mistake as to name 25
name
abbreviation of 37
fictitious 26
lithographed name 52
mistake as to name 25
printed name 44
promissory note, name of another 26
surname 32
trade name 33
variation of 26
without signature 25
without permission 26
words other than 35
National Heritage Centre for Horseracing & Sporting Art, Newmarket 39
New Zealand
authenticated signature fiction 67, 68
initials 30
telex, Japanese proceedings 75
see also wills
notary 11, 20, 60 fn 101
numbers, substitute for name 21 fn 16
object, as authentication 15
partial signature 34
pencil
alterations 86
indecipherable marks 24
indictment 87
lease 87
promissory note 85
signature 26 fn 49, 83
Statute of Frauds 87 fn 11
Notice of objection 54
under lease 86
United States of America 86
will see wills
pictogram signature 19 fn 2
power of attorney 71 fn 32
printed name
signature 44
United States of America 49
professional firm, abbreviated name 37
promissory note
forgery, acknowledge as own 50
mark 20 fn 6, 21 fn 16
pencil see pencil
printed name 50
rubber stamp 60 fn 99
surname 32
use of name of another 26
protective function see functions of signature
record
chirograph 17
function see functions of signature
tally stick 17 fn 13
regularity, presumption of 12, 23
rights in property 30
rubber stamp
administrative use 58
ballots, signing by rubber stamp 29, 57, 60 fn 98
ecclesiastical use 56
enforcement notices 59
information, an 58
judicial use 54
as signature 11, 50, 52
Solicitors Act 1932 56
Statute of Frauds 55
United States of America 59
voting 54
wills 53
Scotland
Christian name 26
deeds 33
familiar name 36
identifying phrase, use of 36
illegible signature 23
incorrect signature 89
initials 29, 30
mark signing by 34
partial signature 34
pencil see pencil
property, rights 30 fn 78
surname 33
stamp, will 53
stencil-pen 62
stopped writing, whether signature effective 34
surname as signature, deed 33
variation of name to sign will 26
scribe, as document authentication method 16
seal imprint 15, 40
authentication 2, 15
court records 43
distrust 40
forgery 16 fn 4, 39
historical use of 15
holiday seal 44
Japanese seal, recognition 44
legal charge 42
real property 40
wills see wills
Shepperton’s Code 22 fn 21
sign of the cross 17
signature
absence of 89
assisted signature 24
authentication 4, 9
authenticated signature fiction 67
authority see authority, signature and
chirograph 17
definitions 4, 6
disputing see Chapter 3
false signature, painting 5 fn 21
form and function 3
functions see functions of signature
identifying phrase 36
identity 5
illegible 4, 6, 22, 80
judicial approach to defining 1, 19, 23, 32, 58, 65, 77
machines 64
manuscript see manuscript signature
objects 15
odd position 31
painting 2
partial signature 26, 34
purpose of 1
stencil-pen 62
surname 32
third person 33
validity, judicial consideration 3
Singapore
facsimile 79, 81, 82
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)
authentication code 81
Solicitors Act 1932
abbreviated name 37
rubber stamp 56
South Africa
assisted signature or mark 24
cheque, name printed 3
erf 20
headed notepaper 24
indecipherable writing 24
initials 30
mark 20
pencil see pencil
promissory note, mark 20 fn 6
telegram 73 fn 36
thumb prints 44
stamp, engraving 53
Statute of Frauds 1677
absence of signature 89
identifying phrase 36
initials 28
name without signature 25
printed name 44
rubber stamp 52
seal imprint 15
surname 32
telegram 70
telex 75
typed signature 64
stencil-pen 62
surname 32
contentious expansion 32
deeds 33
not signature 28 fn 59
signature 22, 27 fn 52, 29, 30
Statute of Frauds 32
tally stick 17 fn 13
telegram 70
evidential foundation 72
United States of America 72
telex 75
tested telex 80
totemic signature 19 fn 2
thumb print 44 fn 26
trade name 33
Tudor, Mary 52
tuğra 4 fn 18
typed signature 64
under-lease, pencil remarks written in 90
voting
initials 30
printed name 51 fn 61
rubber stamp 54
surname 30
variation of name 26
wills
assisted or guiding signature or mark 25
Christian name 26
cross 25 fn 41
familiar name 36
guiding hand 25
illegible writing 23
incorrect signature 89
infirmity 35
initials 29, 30
mark 19
mistake as to name 25
partial signature 34
pencil see pencil
seal imprint 15, 39
signature not intended to be signor’s signature 13
stamp, engraving 53
tripartite chirographs 18
undecipherable scrawl 23
variation of name 26
words other than name 35
written in own hand, not signed 90
witness and scribes 16
words other than name 35
writing material see Chapter 8
your loving mother 35, 36
your miserable father 27

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