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Precarious Professionals: Gender, Identities and Social Change in Modern Britain: Index

Precarious Professionals: Gender, Identities and Social Change in Modern Britain
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table of contents
  1. Cover
  2. Series Page
  3. Title
  4. Copyright
  5. Contents
  6. Acknowledgements
  7. List of Figures
  8. Notes on Contributors
  9. Introduction
  10. 1. Anna Jameson and the Claims of Art Criticism in Nineteenth-Century England
  11. 2. Women, Science and Professional Identity, c.1860–1914
  12. 3. Brother Barristers: Masculinity and the Culture of the Victorian Bar
  13. 4. Legal Paperwork and Public Policy: Eliza Orme’s Professional Expertise in Late-Victorian Britain
  14. 5. Marriage and Metalwork: Gender and Professional Status in Edith and Nelson Dawson’s Arts and Crafts Partnership
  15. 6. ‘Giggling Adolescents’ to Refugees, Bullets and Wolves: Francesca Wilson Finds a Profession
  16. 7. Women at Work in the League of Nations Secretariat
  17. 8. Ninette de Valois and the Transformation of Early-Twentieth-Century British Ballet
  18. 9. Archives, Autobiography and the Professional Woman: The Personal Papers of Mary Agnes Hamilton
  19. 10. Women Historians in the Twentieth Century
  20. 11. Feminism, Selfhood and Social Research: Professional Women’s Organizations in 1960s Britain
  21. 12. The ‘Spotting a Homosexual Checklist’: Masculinity, Homosexuality and the British Foreign Office, 1965–70
  22. Afterword
  23. Index

Index

’91 Art Club, 151

administrative work see clerical work

Africa, 102, 167, 278

age and professional identities, 4, 235, 260–1, 272, 287, 290

Ahmed, Sara, 91, 178

Alexander, Gilchrist, 87, 102

Allen, Roy, 295

American Women’s Hospitals, 172–3

anticolonialism, 32

Apollo, 153

Architectural Review, 126, 137, 148

architectural professions, 5, 11fn28, 23, 158, 245, 289, 291fn9, 294

archives

women as archival researchers in, 159, 269, 277–8

women as archivists in, 279–80

of women’s professional work, 25, 127, 153–4, 260–2, 330–1

reflections on research in, 35, 37, 128, 234, 236, 305, 306, 330

Armstrong, Henry, 79

Art-Journal, 45, 49

Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, 140, 147, 151

Arts and Crafts movement, 34, chapter 5

Art Workers’ Guild, 131

Ashton, Frederick, 223, 225, 228–9, 231

Association of Headmistresses, 287–8, 293–4

Astafieva, Serafina, 218

Aster, Sidney, 260fn117

Athenaeum, 45, 55–9

Attlee, Clement, 254, 257–8

Australian Ballet, 232

Avenol, Joseph, 200

ayahs, 30

Ayrton, Hertha, 33, 63, 67, 74–9, 81–2, 84–5, 113, 115, 327, 329

Ayrton, William (husband), 63, 75, 79

bachelors, 80, 93, 122, 131, 137–8

Ballet Club, 223. See also Rambert, Marie

Ballet Russes, 206, 209–10, 212–18, 221–5, 226–9. See also Diaghilev, Serge

Baly, Monica, 272

Banks, Olive, 17

Barrow, Florence, 169

Bateson, Margaret, 7–8, 14

Batey, Mavis, 272

Baylis, Lilian, 219, 221, 231

BBC, 37, 158, 229, 270, 283, 284, 324. See also broadcasting

Empire Service, 283

women employed in, 169, 234, 240, 247–8, 263

Beaton, Cecil, 210–11

Beaumont, Cyril W., 223–4

Bedells, Phyllis, 209, 211

Bedford College, London 245, 266, 274. See also University of London

Bell, Vanessa, 222

Benois, Alexandre, 210

Beveridge Report, 240, 258

Beveridge, William, 259

Bewicke, Hilda, 212

Bickerdike, Rhoda, 125, 128, 131, 148fn63, 149–54

Birkbeck College, 81

Birmingham Repertory Theatre, 219

birth control, 80, 84, 158

Blake, William, 223

Blennerhassett, Lady Mary, 197, 200, 201, 202

Bliss, Arthur, 205

Bloomsbury group, 222, 227

Boalth, Anny, 222

Bodichon, Barbara, 75

Boer Wars, 92, 98

Brangwyn, Frank, 131, 132–3

Bressey, Caroline, 31

British Astronomical Association, 65

British Council, 229

British Empire, 30, 89, 91, 93, 122fn40, 207, 277, 279, 283, 328. See also imperialism

British Federation of University Women (BFUW), 287–9, 291, 295, 299, 301–2

Graduate Women at Work project, 293, 295

British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), 35, 193, 277, 280–1, 305, 327

bar on homosexuality in, 306, 308, 320

influence of US State Department on, 312–16, 318–20

Positive Vetting (PV) in, 309, 312, 317–19, 321–3

British and Foreign Sailors’ Society, 151

British Museum Reading Room, 277, 279, 282–3

British Quarterly Review, 46

British Universities Ambulance Unit, 174

Brittain, Vera, 161, 291fn9

broadcasting, 23, 282–4. See also BBC

Broome, Dorothy, 269

Brotherston, John, 295

Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, 154

Brownell Murphy, Denis, 45

Buss, Frances Mary, 160

Cadogan Committee, 312

Callen, Anthea, 128

Camargo Society, 222–3, 225, 227, 228

Cambridge Arts Theatre, 229

Cambridge Festival Theatre, 219–20

Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, 280

‘Cambridge Five’ spies, 309–11

Cambridge University Women’s Appointments Board, 245

Candler, Muriel, 172

Caravan Club, 152

careers advice, 7–8, 163–4, 178–80, 231, 245–8, 292

careers, concepts of, 9fn22, 10–11, 26, 29, 157, 162, 261, 330–1

Carlyle, Thomas, 52, 53, 109

Carnegie Trust, 245

Carter, Violet Bonham, 169

Cecchetti, Enrico, 213, 214

Central Bureau for the Employment of Women, 246

Central Newcastle High School for Girls, 155

Chancery Lane, 36, 107–9, 110fn10, 112–14, 119, 120fn38, 124

Chelsea Arts Club, 131

Cherry, Grace, 150

childcare, 298–9. See also motherhood

Christianity, 30, 34, 45, 51fn40, 59–60, 95, 151, 168–9

Christian Science Monitor, 133–4

Churchill Archives Centre (CAC), 234–5, 260–2

City and Guilds Technical Institute, 74

civil service, 7, 8, 10fn26, 22, 27, 37, 158–9, 162, 183, 191–2, 233, 239, 245, 274, 280–1, 289, 292, 312, 314, 316

Cižek, Franz, 167

Clare, Augustus, 54

Clark, Alice, 15–16

Clark, Hilda, 167, 169

Clark, Jane, 259

Clark, Kenneth, 257, 259

Clarke, Mary Gavin, 159

clerical work, 22, 102–3, 108, 190–5, 200–1, 280

Clifford, Lady Anne, 264

Clinton, Bill, 320–1

clothing, 11, 116, 136, 153, 157, 170, 177, 179, 240, 253

Cobden-Sanderson, T. J., 140

Colban, Erik, 191, 196

Cold War, 285, 308–12, 315, 318, 323

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 52–3

Coleridge, Stephen, 98–9

Collet, Clara, 291–2

Communist Party of Great Britain, 275

Conservative Party, 185, 299, 311

Corelli, Marie, 141

Corfield, Penelope, 10–11, 21

Cornwall, 123, 130

Courtney, Kate, 169

Courtney, Leonard, 117

Crabb, Lionel (‘Buster’), 310

Crawford, Patricia, 279

Crisp, Olga, 279

Crowdy, Rachel, 181–3, 185, 187, 189–90, 194, 197–9

Curie, Marie, 64, 187

Dade, Ernest, 131, 133

Dale, Margaret, 230

Dalton, Ruth, 247–8

Darwin, Charles, 65

Darwinist ideas, 74

Deniehy, Daniel, 41, 48

Davidoff, Leonore, 18, 94fn25, 274

Davies, Muriel, 164

Davin, Anna, 275

Dawson, Edith Brearey, 34, chapter 5

Dawson, Nelson, 34, chapter 5, 327

Dearmer, Mabel, 172

Denning, Lord Thomas, 310

de Madariaga, Isabel, 279

de-professionalization, 9–10

de Valois, Ninette, chapter 8

de Staël, Germaine, 43, 44, 50–1, 53

Diaghilev, Serge, 206, 214–15, 216–17, 222, 225. See also Ballet Russes

diaries, 73, 91, 103, 123, 152–4, chapter 9, 264, 293–7

Dickens, Charles, 89, 99–100

Dilke, Charles, 120

diplomatic service, chapter 12

Dixon, Gertrude, 195–6, 200

Dodd, Arthur, 263

Dolin, Anton, 221, 223

domesticity

‘at homes’, 138, 152

constraints of, 93

household management, 149–50

relationship to professional identities, 66, 72, 77–8, 90, 125–6, 129, 145, 150, 157, 227–8, 250, 299

women’s histories of, 25, 282–3

domestic servants, 16–17, 20, 30, 109, 112, 116, 125fn1, 148–50, 154, 291, 331

Drummond, Sir Eric, 190–1, 192, 193–4, 196, 197, 198–9

dual role, 290–1

Dubsky, Trudl, 222

Duffy’s Hibernian Magazine, 44

Eastlake, Elizabeth, 33–4, 42, 43, 44, 46–8, 55–7, 59

Eastlake, Charles (husband), 46, 48, 56

Rigby, Edward (father), 46, 48

Economic History Society, 266

Edgbaston Church of England College for Girls, 165

Edgerton, David, 28–9

Edinburgh Review, 43

education, 13. See also teaching

adult, 57, 75, 78, 272

in deportment, 208, 211–12

Montessori movement in, 165

women’s, 13, 81, 107, 129, 158–61, 265–8, 288, 302

Eliot, George, 75

Elliott, Patricia, 293

enamels, 137, 140, 141–2, 145, 146, 150, 154

English Woman’s Journal, 45

Entomological Society, 71

equal pay, 192, 194fn20, 289, 302. See also finances of women professionals

Espinosa, Eduoard, 212

Ethnological Society, 65

Evans, Edwin, 222

Fabian Women’s Group, 273, 292

Fairlie, Henry, 310, 312

Farjeon, Annabel, 231

fathers of professionals, 45, 46, 70, 81, 155, 158, 166, 211, 225, 233, 269, 316–17

feminisms, 16, 32, 38, 115, 182, 197, 246, 264, 266, 276, chapter 11

finances of women professionals. See also equal pay

income from investments or inheritance, 84, 119, 172–3, 301

salaries or paid expenses for work, 5–6, 42, 45–6, 66, 71, 111–13, 116–19, 122–3, 129–30, 137, 157–8, 192–3, 221, 247

Finsbury Park Technical College, 75

First World War, 38, 63, 66, 92, 97–9, 122, 138, 156, 166, 168–9, 171, 173, 183, 206, 212, 218, 233, 253, 270, 289, 327

Fisher, Alexander, 143

Fisher, Ruth Anna, 277–8

Fletcher, Sheila, 272

Florence, Mary Sargant, 152

Fokine, Michel, 210

Fonteyn, Margot, 224–5, 227, 230

Fountaine, Margaret, 73

France, 29, 167, 169, 173, 179, 183, 185, 199, 212

Freeman, Edward Augustus, 269

friendship and professional identities, 48, 54, 92, 122, 135–6, 138, 155, 214fn36, 235, 242, 249, 252, 259, 261

Fry, Margery, 169

Fry, Sophia, 116

Gandhi, Mohandas, 101

Garsington Manor, Oxfordshire, 233

gay men, 225–6, chapter 12

Geikie, Archibald, 79

generational identities, 4, 84, 103, 156–8, 267–8, 296. See also age and professional identities

Genée, Adeline, 209, 211

General Election (1880), 131

Geological Society, 65, 84

Gibson, John, 61, 62

Ginesi, Edna, 222

Girton College, Cambridge, 75, 112, 114, 159, 162, 164, 267. See also University of Cambridge

Gissing, Edith, 119, 122–3

Gissing, George, 119, 120, 123

Gladstone, Catherine, 116

Gladstone, Herbert, 118

Glasgow, Mary, 246

Godber, Joyce, 280

Godfrey, Freda, 165

Goethe, 52

Good Words, 60

Gordon, Gavin, 227

Gothic Revival, 95

Goveia, Elsa, 276–8

Gowing, Margaret, 280, 281

Grant, Duncan, 214

Grant, Helen Frances, 174–5

Graphic, 143

Gray, Terence, 219

Greene, Graham, 257

Grey, Beryl, 224

Hadow Report (1926), 161

Halcyon Club, 152

Hall, Hubert, 279

Hall, Samuel Carter, 45, 49

Hamilton, Mary Agnes (‘Molly’), 36–37, chapter 9, 330

Adamson, Margaret (mother), 233

Adamson, Margot Robert (sister), 242

Adamson, Robert (father), 233

Hamilton, Charles Joseph (husband), 233

Hammond, J. L., 179

Hankey, Sir Maurice, 190

happiness, 38, 156, 159, 177–8, 332

Harris, Constance, 196

Hartley, Dorothy, 263, 282–3

Haskell, Arnold, 210, 224–6, 230

Hatton, Ragnhild, 279, 280

Haverfield, Evelina, 171

Hawkes, C. P., 102–3

Hawkes, Jacquetta, 283–5

Hazlitt, William, 41, 44, 48–9, 57

healthcare professions, 2, 5, 7, 21–2, 30, 89, 110, 158–62, 166, 172, 206fn3, 289–91, 294, 298, 300

Heeley, Anne, 271

Hellman, Ilse, 248

heteronormativity, 34, 226, 306–7

Historical Association, 270

Hogarth, William, 227

Holman Hunt, William, 44

homosexuality see gay men; lesbians

Hoover, Herbert, 169, 172–3

Horne, Phyllis, 196

Horner, Susan, 62

Horsbrugh, Florence, 185, 260

Howard, André, 223

Howard, Jean, 196, 200

Hubback, Judith, 288, 294, 296, 298

humanitarianism see refugees; service

Hume, Margaret, 169

Huxley, Thomas, 64–5

Imperial College London, 66, 77

imperialism, 30, 35–6, 87, 100, 166, 190, 276–9. See also British empire

Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing, 218

income of professionals see finances of professionals

‘incorporated wives’, 16–17

Independent Labour Party, 253

India, 28, 32, 102, 115, 166, 197

India Office, 101

Inns of Court, London, 34, chapter 3, 111–13, 327

Institution of Electrical Engineers, 78

Institute of Historical Research, 276, 279, 281

intellectual aristocracy, 3

International Commission for War Refugees, 178. See also refugees

International Labour Organization, 195

international mobility, 29–32

international relations, chapter 12

women’s role in, chapter 7, 330

International Women’s Suffrage Alliance, 198

Ireland, 45, 118, 128, 166, 208, 220, 264fn5

Irish police, 124

Home Rule for, 116

women’s education in, 75, 124fn46

Italy, 29, 50–1, 58, 119fn36, 183, 185, 212

Jackson, Barry, 219

Jacomb-Hood, George Percy, 134

Jameson, Anna, 33–4, chapter 1

Jameson, Robert (husband), 45

Japan, 83, 183, 185

Jaques-Dalcroze, Émile, 218

Jebb, Eglantyne, 169, 188

Jenkins, Roy, 300

Jephcott, Pearl, 37–8, 288, 290–1, 296

John, Augustus, 222

Jourdain, Margaret, 282

Journal of Negro History, 278

journalism, 3, 10fn26, 22, 36–7, 110, 115, 119, 159–60, 233, 234, 238, 245, 282–3

Joyce, Patrick, 90

Kant, Immanuel, 46

Kauffer, Edward McKnight, 205

Kauffman, Angelica, 51

Keynes, John Maynard, 222–3, 226–7, 228, 229

Kinsey, Alfred, 310, 312–13

Klein, Viola, 37–8, 288, 291, 295, 296, 297–8, 301, 304

Kugler, Franz Theodor, 44, 48

Kyasht, Lydia, 209

Labour Party, 158, 250, 251–4, 278, 311

women MPs, 241–2, 251, 253–4, 255–6

Lambert, Constant, 225

Law Journal, 122

Lawrance, Hannah, 45, 46, 58, 59, 265

Stafford, John (grandfather), 45

Lawrence, Lord Justice Paul Ogden, 98, 104

Lawrence, Reina, 107, 114–15, 122–4, 329

Lawson, Joan, 227

League of Nations, 22, 38–9, 172, 234, 328

presence of women in, chapter 7

structure of, 183–8

legal profession, 4fn8, 5, 6, 22, 30, 35–6, chapter 3, chapter 4, 161, 245, 289, 297–8, 329

Lefebvre, Henri, 90

Legat, Nikolai, 218

Le-May Sheffield, Suzanne, 70

Leon, Marjorie, 169

lesbians, 35, 306–8, 315, 318, 321–3

Lester, Sean, 201–2

Lethaby, W. R., 140

Liberal Party, 115–17

librarianship, 6–7, 245, 259

Liddington, Jill, 273

life-writing, 24–5, 235, 236–40, 243. See also selfhood

as material practice, 238–9, 260–1

Lindsay, Jean, 280

Linnaean Society, 78, 84

Literary Gazette, 44, 54–5

Lloyd George, David, 192

Lockyer, Norman, 79

London and National Society for Women’s Service, 1–2, 8, 110, 292

London County Council, 250–1

London Feminist History Group, 275

London Magazine, 48

London School of Economics, 16, 267, 295

Lopokova, Lydia, 213, 214, 222, 226fn93, 227, 231

Lyceum Club, 152

Lyceum Theatre, 212

Lyttelton, Edith, 185

Macaulay, Rose, 239

MacDonald, Ramsay, 234, 242fn36, 251–3

MacMillan, Kenneth, 231–2

MacPhail, Katherine, 168, 171

Mair, Lucille Mathurin, 277

Major, John, 305

Mantoux, Paul, 191, 196

marginality, as category of analysis, 3, 12–13, 32, 39

marriage, 34–5, 45, 56, 75, 77, 84, 101, 111, 123, chapter 5, 192, 196, 233, 266, 287, 290, 298, 300

marriage bars, 26–7, 157, 192, 196–7, 228, 269, 279, 289, 291, 327

Marshall, Norman, 220, 231

Marson, Una, 32

Marxism, 17, 275

masculinity, 28, 35, 74, 78, 85, chapter 3, 129, 133, 135, 144, 226, chapter 12

histories of, 27–8

Massine, Léonide, 213, 214, 218

Matthew Matilda effect, 63–4

Maurice, Frederick Denison, 60, 61

McArthur, Ellen, 270fn36, 273

McFie, Margaret, 168

McGeachy, Mary, 194–5, 197, 201

Medical Practitioners’ Union (MPU), 293, 295, 297, 299

Medical Women’s Federation, 288–9, 291, 295, 297, 298, 301–2

Inter-Professional Working Party (IPWP), 294, 299–300

medical professions see healthcare professions

Mercury Theatre, 223. See also Rambert, Marie

Merian, Maria Sibylla, 73

meritocracy, 11–12

Messenger, 278

metalwork, 125, 128–9, 134, 137, 140–2, 145–6, 148, 151

Methuen, 141

Middle Class Alliance, 299

Milhaud, Darius, 214

Mill, John Stuart, 109–11

Mills, Mabel, 269

Ministry of Education, 259fn115, 284

Ministry of Information (MOI), 202, 235, 241, 244, 247, 249, 255–9

Ministry of Labour, 245–7

Mitford, Nancy, 274

modernity, 3, 19, 36, 38, 92, 157, 307

money see income of professionals

Monnet, Jean, 191, 195

Montagu-Nathan, M., 222

Moore, Doris Langley, 271

Moore, Henry, 259

Moorhouse, Frank, 195fn21, 201

Morrison, Herbert, 258

Morris, William, 133

Mosely Education Commission (1904), 79

motherhood, 2, 20, 23, 27, 208, 290, 291fn9, 293, 298, 301. See also childcare

impact on women’s professional work, 23, chapter 5, 290–1

studies of relationship to professional work, 293

mothers of professionals, 2, 75, 153, 166, 209, 211, 225, 230–1, 233, 249, 253, 297–8, 299, 316–17

Morley, Edith, 161

Morning Chronicle, 49

Morosoff, Serge, 213

Morrell, Lady Ottoline, 222

Morrison, Herbert, 258

Moser, Mary, 51

Museum of London, 153

music halls, 207–15, 224fn79, 226

Mussolini, Benito, 198fn33, 200

Myrdal, Alva, 290, 291

National Ballet of Canada, 232

National Committee for Women’s Suffrage, 109, 115–16

National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 287, 289, 294, 298

National Health Service, 31–2, 293

National Joint Committee for Spanish Relief, 175

National Portrait Gallery, 62

Natural History Museum, 66fn14, 83

Nature, 79

Newman, Charlotte, 145

Newman, Philip H., 145

New Monthly Magazine, 45, 48

Newnham College, Cambridge, 155, 156–7, 159, 165, 233, 242, 253. See also University of Cambridge

New Women, 21, 102, 158, 234

Nightingale, Florence, 272

Nijinska, Bronislav, 214–18, 228, 231

Nijinsky, Vaslav, 209, 210, 218, 225

Nineteenth Century Building Society, 114

Noel, Robert Ralph, 54

Noel-Baker, Philip, 197

Northern Ireland, 287, 289, 294, 298

North London Collegiate School for Girls, 81

nursing see healthcare professions

Old Vic, The, 219. See also Vic-Wells Ballet

Orme, Eliza, chapter 4

Ormerod, Eleanor, 33, 67–74, 81, 82, 84–5, 329

Ormerod, Georgiana (sister), 71–2, 329

Paget, Muriel, 169

Pakenham, Elizabeth, 282

parents see fathers of professionals; mothers of professionals

Paris Peace Conference, 137

Paris Salon, 140

partnerships, professional, 71–2, 75, 114, 122, chapter 5, 219, 259, 329–30

Passavant, Johann, 44, 46, 48, 56

Patent Act (1883), 113

patriarchy, 2–3, 13, 18, 24, 26–8, 34, 36, 44, 146, 158, 206, 303, 321

Patrick, Sara, 222

Pavlova, Anna, 209, 210–11, 212, 218–19, 227

Peacock, Neta, 142

Penny Magazine, 45, 56, 58

Penson, Lillian, 280–1

Perkin, Harold, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 11, 12, 14, 17, 39, 307–8, 325, 328, 329

Perkin, Joan, 17, 17fn50

Peterson, Linda H., 42

photography, 77, 120, 125–7, 133–4, 143fn49, 148, 153–4, 162, 174fn86, 210, 260, 310, 327

Pick, Frank, 257

Piketty, Thomas, 308

Pinchbeck, Ivy, 15–16

Popular Science Review, 72

Poole, Rachel Lane, 280

Porter, Enid, 271

Potter, Beatrice, 117

Power, Eileen, 266–8, 282, 284

Power, Rhoda, 284

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, 44–5

Priestley, J. B., 283

Prior, Mary, 272

profession, definitions of, 5–6, 325–6

professionalization, processes of, 3, 6, 10–11

professional mystique, 10–11

professional projects, 25–26, 32

professional women’s organisations. See also British Federation of University Women; Cambridge University Women’s Appointments Board; Central Bureau for the Employment of Women; London and National Society for Women’s Service; Medical Women’s Federation; National Federation of Business and Professional Women’s Clubs of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Women’s Employment Federation; Women’s Engineering Society; Women’s Industrial Council

campaigns of, 289, 291–2, 298–9

Profumo affair, 310

Public Record Office (PRO), 279

Pye, Edith, 169

Quakers, 125–6, 130, 136, 152, 155, 166–9

as humanitarian relief personnel, 38, 170–3

Society of Friends’ Mount School, York, 129, 136

Friends House, London, 170fn72, 175–8.

Friends’ Meeting House, York, 141

Friend’s Council for Women’s Suffrage, 152

Friend’s League for Women’s Suffrage, 152

Quarterly Journal of Science, 72

Queen Boudica, 265

race and professional identities, 4–5, 15fn44, 28–32, 35, 37, 131, 186, 276fn63, 277–8, 285, 308, 324, 328

Radziwill, Gabrielle, 198

Rambert, Marie, 218, 223, 228. See also Ballet Club; Mercury Theatre

Ramm, Agatha, 274

Rathbone, Eleanor, 169, 187

Raverat, Gwen, 222–3

Rayleigh, Lord (John William Strutt), 66

record-keeping, see archives

Reconstruction Secretariat, 235, 257–9

Rees, Goronwy, 310–11

refugees, 156, 166–9, 170–2, 174–9, 186fn7, 187–8, 202, 248. See also International Commission for War Refugees; United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR); United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)

humanitarian relief campaigns, 167–8, 172–3, 178–80, 202

Representation of the People Act (1918), 4

Richardson, Mary, 107, 112–15, 122, 124, 329

Ridley, George, 254, 257

Royal Academy, 44, 51, 140

Royal Academy of Arts, 50

Royal Academy of Dancing, 218

Royal Academy schools, 136

Royal Agricultural College, 70

Royal Agricultural Society, 70, 71, 73

Royal Astronomical Society, 78

Royal Ballet, 34, 205, 231–2

Royal College of Art, 129

Royal Commission on Labour (1893), 118–19

Royal Danish Ballet, 209

Royal Geographical Society, 78

Royal Holloway, 266. See also University of London

Royal Meteorological Society, 71

Royal Opera House, 209–10, 213–14, 221, 226–7, 229, 231

Royal Society, 78, 79, 80, 84

conversaziones of, 74, 78, 79

medals of, 63, 77, 78

Royden, Maude, 169

Rubens, Peter Paul, 49, 54

Rubinstein, Ida, 228

Ruskin, John, 46, 48, 56, 57, 58

Russell, Audrey, 169, 171

Sadler’s Wells, 205fn2, 219, 221, 224–5, 228, 231. See also Vic-Wells Ballet

Salaman, Susan, 223

Salter, Lord Arthur, 191, 260

Sandberg, Sheryl, 303

Savage, Mike, 292, 293, 295, 296, 325, 331

Save the Children, 167, 172–3, 187–8

Scarborough Art School, 129, 144

Sedgwick, Eve, 88

Schelling, Friedrich, 51, 52

scientific professions, 10, 33, chapter 2, 327–8

Scotland, 128, 157fn7, 159, 212–13, 233, 252, 261fn120

Scottish Women’s Hospitals, 173

Second World War, 17, 34, 36, 104, 178, 179fn106, 205, 224, 230–1, 234–8, 280, 282–3, 291, 311

secretaries see clerical work

self-employment, 14, 117–19, chapter 5, 248, 253, 270, 291

selfhood, 2, 3, 32, 36, 130, 135, 236, 287–8, 296–7, 317, 331–2. See also life-writing

semi-professions, 6, 26, 329

separate spheres, 18, 25, 29

Sergeyev, Nicholas, 226, 229

service, 10–11. See also social work

ethics of, 8, 14, 38–9, 168, 327–8

women’s relationship to, 21, 32, 172, 190, 203, 235, 297

wartime, 241, 258–9, 280–1

Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act (1918), 4, 7, 26–7, 35, 79, 92, 107, 122, 192, 206, 289

sexuality and professional identities, 4, 10, 34, 35, 88–9, 157–8, 284, chapter 12

Sexual Offences Act (1967), 306, 313, 319–20, 323

Sharp, Evelyn, 159fn19, 169

Shaw, George Bernard, 114

Shuckburgh, Dorothy, 236, 247, 259

Sickert, Walter, 144

singleness see bachelors; spinsters

single-sex spaces, 19, 35–6, 72, chapter 3, 111, 136, 144–5, 151–2, 253

Smith, Janet Adam, 240–1

Smith, Sidney, 43

Smyth, Ethel, 222

social closure, 6–7, 12, 32, 307–8, 326, 332. See also Weber, Max

social history, study of, 16, 17–18

social work, 6–7, 21, 22, 124fn46, 159, 162, 166, 172, 187, 192, 289–91, 294. See also service

Society of Gravers–Printers in Colour, 152

Society of Painters in Tempera, 152

sociology, chapter 11

absence of women from histories of, 295

influence on historical discipline, 273–4

studies of professional identity, 17, 25–7

Soja, Edward, 90

Somerville College, Oxford, 274–5, 291fn9. See also University of Oxford

Sorabji, Cornelia, 30, 107, 120

South Africa, 32, 98

South Kensington Institute, 70

Spain, 156, 165, 167–8, 173–8

Spencer, Penelope, 222

Spiller, Nina, 196–8, 200

spinsters, 20, 93, 116–17, 123fn43, 127, 291

Sprott, Ethel, 169

Stabler, Harold, 128fn6, 138

Stabler, Phoebe, 128fn6, 138

Stencek, Valentin, 201

Stopes, Marie, 33, 67, 79–85

Strachey, Lytton, 222

Strachey, Ray, 245–6, 247, 249

Careers and Openings for Women (1935), 8, 157–8, 292

Students’ Careers Association, 163

Studio, The, 139, 147–8

Swanwick, Helena, 185

Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine, 44

Tate, Merze, 330

Taylor, Helen, 110–11, 113, 115

Tcherepnin, Nikolai, 210

teaching, 16, 22, 79, 83, 156–7, 159–62, 163–5, 192, 213, 233, 246–7, 269, 271–3, 289–90, 294. See also education

Thatcher, Margaret, 260

Thirsk, Joan, 27, 206, 272–3

Thompson, Dorothy, 273

Tillard, Violet, 172

Time and Tide, 231

Titmuss, Richard, 290

Trinity College Dublin, 75

Torr, Dona, 275

Tout, Thomas Frederick, 269

Toye, Wendy, 222

trade unionism, 5, 13, 117, 249–50, 258, 275, 302–3

Tudor, Anthony, 223

Turkish State Ballet, 232

Turner, J. M. W., 58

Tweedie, Jill, 300, 301

unemployment, 243–4, 246–7

UNESCO, 284

UNICEF, 202

Union of Democratic Control, 253

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), 178–80. See also refugees

United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), 202. See also refugees

University of Cambridge, 67, 75, 245. See also Girton College, Cambridge; Newnham College, Cambridge

University of Edinburgh, 67, 70–1

University of Manchester, 80fn60, 81–2, 269, 275, 276fn62

University of Munich, 81

University of Oxford, 30, 107, 269, 280. See also Somerville College, Oxford

University of London, 36, 67, 82, 107, 109, 111, 265–6, 279, 281. See also Bedford College, London; Royal Holloway; Westfield College

University College London (UCL), 81, 109, 116, 276

Vassall, John, 310

Vicinus, Martha, 18–19, 160fn24

Victoria and Albert Museum, 62, 134, 137, 153–4, 212–13

Victoria County History project (VCH), 270

Victoria, Queen, 137, 147

Vic-Wells Ballet, 206, 210, 213, 221–2, 223, 224, 225, 229, 231. See also Old Vic, The; Sadler’s Wells

Voluntary Aid Detachment, 169

voluntary work, 13–14, 123–4, 185, 192, 234, 239

Volunteer Rifle Corps, 91, 92, 97, 103, 104

von Herkomer, Hubert, 143

Waagen, Gustav, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55

Wagner, Richard, 209

Wales, 23fn79, 132–3, 157fn7, 195, 263

watercolours, 129, 135–7, 144, 148

Watts, G. F., 127–8

Watts, Mary, 127–8

Webb, Josephine, 138fn28, 142, 143, 149

Webb, Sidney, 117

Weber, Max, 6, 26, 264, 308. See also social closure

Wedgwood, C. V., 274

welfare see social work

West End, London, 91, 97, 102, 212, 222

Westfield College, 266, 276fn66. See also University of London

Whistler, Rex, 227

Wilde, Oscar, 141

Wilkinson, Ellen, 255, 276

Williams, Nancy, 195, 200

Wilson, Francesca, chapter 6

Witz, Anne, 26

Wolfenden Committee, 311

Women’s Employment Federation (WEF), 245–6, 247

Women’s Engineering Society, 289

Women’s Freedom League, 198

Women’s Gazette and Weekly News, 116

Women’s Guild of Arts, 152

women’s history, study of, 4, 15–18, 19–20, 24, 29, 266–8, 272, 275–6, 285

Women’s International Art Club, 152

Women’s Industrial Council, 292

Women’s Information and Study Centre (WISC), 294

Women’s Liberation Movement, 17, 37, 266, 275, 280, 283, 288, 302–3

Women’s Liberal Federation, 116

women’s movement, 16, 110, 116, 122, 285, 288, 331

Women’s National Liberal Association, 115–16

women’s suffrage, 1, 16, 37, 63, 109–11, 114–17, 122, 124, 128fn6, 142, 152, 171, 270–1

Women’s Taxation Action Group (WOTAG), 299–301

Women’s Voluntary Service, 257–8

Woodham-Smith, Cecil, 282

Woodward, Alice B., 152

Woodward, E. C., 152

Woolf, Virginia, 5, 7, 15, 158, 222

‘Professions for women’ (1931), 1–2

opinions of Mary Agnes Hamilton, 233, 244, 248–9

Three Guineas (1938), 2, 158

working from home see domesticity, relationship to professional identities

workshops, 132, 138–9, 150, 168, 177

Wren, Christopher, 95

Yeats, W. B., 220

Young, Sir George, 174, 175

Zilliacus, Konni, 197, 200

Žižek, Slavoj, 321

Zweig, Ferdynand, 290

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