Index

A

African National Congress, 13, 151, 162, 164, 193–4, 197
African Union, 42n10
Agamben, Giorgio, 31–2, 51, 95, 207
Angola, 8, 10, 46, 92, 95, 223
Angolan refugees, 95, 126, 114n5, 147n34, 177n41
anonymity, 84–5, 185
Arendt, Hannah, 28, 31, 123

B

Bantustan, 177n39
border areas, 10, 13, 23, 56
Botswana, 8, 191

C

Cape Town, 157, 171–2, 180, 183, 193, 203n28
Caritas Zambia, 121
Cash Based Interventions, 121, 146n12
Central Africa, 7, 57, 155
cholera, 83
citizens, 63, 90, 101, 107
citizenship, 36, 93, 132, 162, 182
civil society, 8, 11–12, 68, 73, 76, 77, 85, 105, 110–11, 190–91
colonialism, 10, 12, 20n17, 28, 47, 104, 163, 214
Commission for Refugees (Zambia), 91, 94–5, 114n16, 129, 131, 136–8
comparative case studies, 7–15
compliance, 37, 94
Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, 11, 54, 83, 139–40, 217
confidentiality, 84–5
constructivism, 6, 68, 69, 212
containment, 47, 66n9, 123, 215
Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), 9, 36, 38–9
implementation in Africa, 52–3, 55, 218
implementation in Zambia, 9, 91, 97
implementation in South Africa, 12, 151, 164
Copenhagen School, 59. See also securitisation
COVID-19 global pandemic, 225

D

data collection, 72–7
decentralisation, 48–9, 193–4
decolonisation, 46–8
‘democracy-asylum’ nexus, 16, 46–9, 60, 64, 139, 143, 163, 199, 215–18
Democratic Alliance (DA), 20n20, 193
Democratic Republic of the Congo
history, 10
unrest, 83, 92, 102, 114n42, 126, 138, 140
democratization, 47–8, 64, 163, 175
Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)
access to, 12, 75
‘Backlog Project’, 161
capacity issues, 166
corruption, 167
and encampment, 162–3, 173
engagement with UNHCR, 159–61
generous reception, 153–4, 159, 185, 188
national security concerns, 169–71
shrinking asylum system, 13, 169–75
Department of Immigration (Zambia), 94–5, 134–5
dualism, 90, 113n2

E

East Africa, 7, 43, 103, 108, 187
employment rights of refugees, 2, 8, 13, 19, 36, 41, 90, 107, 125, 130, 140, 163, 173, 180, 199, 201
elections, 11, 12, 13, 47–9, 59, 108, 110, 139, 193, 194, 197, 217
encampment, 1, 3, 9, 16, 50–51, 56, 64
epistemological position, 6, 68, 212
Eritrean migrants and refugees, 7
ethical considerations, 67–8, 84–6
Ethiopia, 8, 155
Ethiopian migrants and refugees, 7
ethnography, 6, 68, 69
European Union, 42n1
extractivism, 82

F

faith-based organisations, 115n60, 173, 190–91
framing exercise, 69–70
freedom of movement, 2–3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 51, 97–8, 107, 130, 137–8, 146n29, 162
free-settlement, 1, 3, 12, 46–8

G

Gauteng province, 181, 192
generalisability, 14–15, 24, 80
Global Compact on Refugees, 11, 54, 139–40, 161, 217
Global Refugee Forum, 161
Global refugee regime
implementation of norms, 3, 22–3, 29, 35, 37–8
shaping reception policies, 28, 49–55, 112, 152–3,158–9, 175, 218–22
‘regime refugee’, 123–4, 144, 188, 201, 207, 220
‘urban refugee’, 187–9, 192, 209, 220–21, 225
Great Lakes Region, 7, 156

H

Hichilema, Hakainde, 12, 217
‘Homelands’ 162, 177n39. See also Bantustan
Horn of Africa, 7, 53, 156, 187
hospitality, 27, 30, 33–4, 47, 94, 185
human agency, 18, 32, 187, 206–8, 210, 220, 224
human rights, 2, 47–8, 61, 64, 75, 152, 162, 164–5, 213, 215–16

I

integration, 19, 26–7, 139, 143, 153, 180, 195, 200, 220–21, 226. See also local integration
informal interviews, 68–70, 77, 86n3, 109
informed consent, 84–5
interviewing, 68, 72, 74–6, 78, 81–2, 84, 86

J

Johannesburg
economy, 181
Migrant Help Desk, 194–5, 197, 198
Migrants’ Advisory Committee, 194–5
migration, 12, 108, 157–8, 180–82
Migration Advisory Panel, 194–5, 196
refugee reception offices, 13, 150, 171–2
role of Mayor, 194–6, 197–8, 199
site of refugee reception, 13, 20n20, 180–83, 192–200, 209
xenophobia, 85, 195, 198

K

Kaunda, Kenneth, 46
Kenya, 8, 54, 107, 115n55
Kenyan refugee camps, 9, 32, 58
key informant interviews, 68, 69, 71–2, 73–6
Kotef, Hagar, 62–4, 223–4

L

legal documentation, 29, 34, 164, 179, 189–90, 195, 199–200, 210
local government, 3, 11, 13, 140–1, 192–200, 209, 226
local integration, 181, 210, 225–6
de facto local integration, 33
localised citizenship, 4, 62, 153–4, 190, 192, 210, 226
Lungu, Edgar, 11–13, 83, 110–11, 139–40, 217
Lusaka, 73, 74, 76, 83, 91, 108, 110, 121–2, 129

M

majority world, 20n4
Malawi, 8, 28
Mantapala refugee settlement, 11, 118, 138–43, 145, 217
Mashaba, Herman, 197–8, 203n44
Mawere, Abdon, 137–8
Mayukwayukwa refugee settlement, 11, 20n14, 92, 103, 122, 127, 140, 147n41
Meheba refugee settlement, 11, 12, 20n14, 92, 93, 103, 127–8, 140
Ministry of Community Development and Social Services (Zambia), 95, 120–21, 125
minority world, 20n4
mobility, 23–4, 25–6, 33, 60, 64, 206–7, 210
Mozambique, 10, 46, 57, 191
Mozambican refugees, 10, 105, 151, 155
multi-scalar lens, 5, 17, 24–5, 34, 39–41, 208–9, 212
Musina, 157, 176n24

N

New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, 11, 54, 83, 139–40
non-refoulement, 51, 151, 163

O

Office of the Vice President (Zambia), 91, 95, 143, 217
Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, 46, 52, 90, 91, 97, 151, 164

P

Pan-Africanism, 11, 18, 46, 49, 139, 162–3, 165, 174–5, 217
path dependency, 105
political settlements, 47, 65n3
authoritarian political settlements, 11, 47–9, 60, 139, 215, 218–19
competitive political settlements, 48, 59–60, 183, 215–18
positionality, 67, 79, 81–2
prima facie refugee status, 91–2
principle of ‘do no harm’, 68, 82
process tracing, 214
provincial government, 11, 42n10, 91, 193–4, 196

Q

quasi-ethnographic methods, 69, 77

R

reception
as a process, 3, 15, 21, 24, 25–6, 35, 167, 201, 206, 209–10
‘context of reception’ approach, 23–6, 206
‘open-door’ policy in Africa, 2, 10, 28, 35, 46–7, 149, 151, 209
qualified welcome, 27–8, 92–3, 132–4, 174, 191–2, 207–8
reflexivity, 70–1
refoulement, 93, 163
refugee camps
in the 1980s, 3
academic focus, 4, 30, 90
armed elements, 56
bare life, 31–3, 90, 123, 207
international support, 98–9, 102–4
links to the urban space, 4, 34–6, 113, 118, 129, 191, 210–11
reception space, 28, 31–2, 211, 219–20
and ‘refugee warriors’, 56–7
security concerns, 56–8
and settlements, 9
UNHCR role, 4, 50–2, 218–22
refugee commodification, 66n9, 186
refugee definition, 28, 91, 97, 151, 164
refugee-led initiatives, 5
refugee movement, 16–19, 61–2, 216–18
refugee participation in research, 85–6
refugee status determination processes, 65n6, 91–2, 113n5, 150–51, 152–3, 159, 173
‘refugee warriors’, 56–8, 105
regime shifting, 136, 138, 164, 188, 221
regime stretching, 164
reliability, 72, 79–81
repatriation, 48, 126, 151
research design, 67, 69–77
research questions, 69–73, 76, 79, 80
resettlement, 163, 178n70, 184, 191
Rwanda, 10, 105
Rwandan refugees, 92, 95, 107, 126, 147n34

S

sampling, 73–4
purposive sampling, 73–4
snowball sampling, 73–4
‘secondary’ movement, 7, 53
security and securitisation
direct security concerns, 56–8, 104–6, 157, 171, 223
in forced migration literature, 55–60, 222
indirect security concerns, 55, 56–9, 104–6, 136
in Kenya, 58
migration as a security threat, 5
refugees as a security threat, 59–64, 223
securitisation theory, 16, 59–60, 222–5
securitisers, 60
in South Africa, 165, 167–71, 222–5
in Zambia, 104–11, 222–5
self reliance, 43n11, 93, 117, 121, 140, 187–8, 190, 210, 221, 226
social cohesion, 33, 195
Somalian refugees, 7, 57, 155
South Africa
1998 Refugee Act, 18, 151–2, 155, 161, 165, 171, 174, 175, 177n26, 202n14
Apartheid regime, 18, 151, 159, 162–3, 169, 175, 177n29, 182, 223
border areas, 13, 152, 157, 162, 173
delays in asylum claims, 161, 166–7, 171–2, 176n22
immigration Act, 168, 173, 178n58
migrant groups, 168, 184–6
National Constitution, 152, 161–12, 174, 176n5, 193
police and law enforcement, 154, 190
processing centres at the border, 13, 150, 162, 173, 178n79
refugee camps, 155, 162–5, 191,
refugee reception offices, 152–3, 158, 160, 167, 171–2, 177n71
registration of refugees, 150–8, 160, 166–7, 172–3, 174–5
social assistance programmes, 182–3
xenophobic violence, 14, 83, 85, 163, 165, 178n70, 195, 198
Southern Africa
borders, 7
as a case study, 6–14
reception of refugees, 6–8, 41, 53, 155, 176n1
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 1, 7, 42n10, 105, 185
stability, 60–5, 171–2, 208, 210–11, 216, 222–5
state sovereignty, 89, 93
sustainable farming, 103, 121–3, 125

T

Tanzania, 57, 155n53, 155n55
Tau, Parks, 194–6
taxation, 100–101, 182, 193
thematic analysis, 78–9
travel documents, 2, 131, 172
triangulation, 67, 72, 81
theory of norm implementation
adapting to refugee reception policies, 5, 15–16, 36–9, 212–15
as a conceptual framework, 71, 212–15
the heuristic tripartite model, 37–9, 41–2, 212–13

U

Uganda, 8, 54, 176n24
Ugandan refugee camps, 9
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
academic focus, 4, 50–5, 218–19
conditional welcome, 28, 31–2, 219–22
implementing partners, 108, 124, 135–6, 176n9, 184, 191, 220, 227n8
role in Africa, 50–5
South Africa, 12, 151, 158–61, 183–5, 187–9, 200, 202n11, 209, 219–22
urban policy, 53–6, 187, 202n19
Zambia, 9, 96, 113n5; 113n6, 115n49, 120–4, 125–8, 135–6, 219–22
urban space
academic focus, 4–5, 30–1, 32–3, 219
indirect security concerns, 57–9, 169
links to refugee camps, 4, 34–6, 113, 210–11
reception space, 33–4, 208–10, 220–21
sanctuary cities, 34, 199
urbanisation, 4, 33, 43, 53, 107, 216

V

validity, 41, 72, 79–81
vulnerability, 121, 125, 146n12, 176n9, 184, 187

W

Western Cape, 193–4

X

xenophobia, 14, 48, 59, 83, 106, 163, 174, 209

Z

Zambia
the 1970 Refugee (Control) Act, 90, 94–8, 104–5, 134–5
access to urban area, 98, 99–101, 108–9
border areas, 94, 99, 101–2, 104, 106, 109, 138
border crossings, 91, 106, 108
as a case study, 9–12
elections, 12, 108, 110, 139, 217
gate passes, 96, 122, 128–34, 143, 147n36, 209
independence, 10
legal framework relating to refugees, 90–2, 94–7
National Development Plans, 120, 146n3
police and law enforcement, 91, 95, 97
Refugees Act No.1 of 2017, 91, 94–8, 114n14, 134, 147n40; n49
registration of refugees, 90–4
strategic framework for the local integration of former refugees, 114n15, 147n34
urban residence permits, 92, 96, 128–34
xenophobia, 108, 122
Zambia Initiative, 147n41
Zimbabwe, 10, 105, 156–7, 176n22, 176n24, 223
Zimbabwean migrants
treatment in South Africa, 12, 156–8, 163–4
Zimbabwean Dispensation Permit, 156, 164
Zimbabwean Exemption Permit, 164, 177n44
Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permit, 164

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Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Z

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