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Refugee Reception in Southern Africa
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table of contents
Series page
Title page
Copyright
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of abbreviations
Introduction
Disparate responses to the reception of refugees
Refugee reception in Southern Africa
Southern Africa as a setting for investigating refugee reception
Country case study selection
Potential limitations of comparative case studies
The structure of the book
Notes
1. Framing refugee reception
Understanding reception
The ‘context of reception’ approach
A multi-scalar lens
Reception as a process
Appraisal of the ‘context of reception’ approach
How states understand refugee reception
Understanding reception sites
The refugee camp as a site of reception
The urban space as a site of reception
Links between the two reception sites
The implementation of refugee reception policies
Adopting the theory of norm implementation to investigate refugee reception policies
A multi-scalar understanding of host states’ responses to refugees
A critical reflection on the book’s conceptual framework
Notes
2. Refugee reception policies in Africa
The ‘democratic-aslyum’ nexus: shifting policies to refugees in Africa
The role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies
Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the refugee camp
Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the urban space
The security and stability nexus
Security and securitisation
Direct security concerns
Indirect security concerns
Securitisation
The concept of stability
The ‘problem’ of refugees and their movement
Stability and the paradox of human movement
Notes
3. Investigating state behaviour towards refugees
Overarching methodological stance
Research design
The framing exercise, September 2016
The finalised research design
The data collection stage
Sampling for the key informant interviews
The interview process
Legal and policy documents
Informal interviews and symposia
The analysis stage
Validity, ethics and reflexivity: conducting field research in Southern Africa
Validity and reliability
Positionality
Timing of the research
Ethical considerations relating to the adopted methods
Limitations of the book’s research design
Notes
4. Encampment: the maintenance of a camp-based reception in Zambia
The registration of refugees in Zambia
Legal framework and registration procedures in Zambia
Initial reception during the registration period
The encampment approach in Zambia
Ideational factor: the historical legacy of the national legal framework
Material factor: the capacity to receive and host refugees
The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in urban spaces
The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in border areas
The separation of refugees from local populations: creating visibility for continued international support
Material and ideational factors: security
Direct security concerns
Indirect security concerns
The construction of refugees as security risks
Securitisation of the ‘opposition’ in Zambia
The initial stage of reception in Zambia: a case of ongoing negotiations between encampment and urban spaces
Notes
5. Encampment: post registration in Zambia
Contextualising post-registration reception in Zambia
The post-registration stage in Zambia: the role of the national government and UNHCR in settlements
Material factor: capacity concerns
Ideational factor: the ‘regime refugee’
Institutional and ideational factors: divergence and contestation in approaches to the settlements
The state’s ideational approach to the settlements
Contestation in UNHCR’s approach to the settlements
Official access to the urban space: pathways out of the settlements post registration
Gate passes and urban residence permits
The management of movement
The temporality of access to the urban space
Institutional and ideational factors: contestation and the conceptualisation of refugee movement
Line ministries
UNHCR and its implementing partners
Commissioner for Refugees, Zambian government
Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the Mantapala settlement
Mantapala: a ‘whole of society’ approach to refugee reception?
Early warning signs: material and ideational contestation
Conceptualising refugees and refugee reception outside of the camp setting: a step too far?
Post registration in Zambia: a global regime and the ‘regime refugee’ confined to the camp space
Notes
6. Free settlement: the maintenance of a free-settlement reception in South Africa
The registration stage in South Africa
Legal framework and registration procedures
The initial reception at the point of registration
The free-settlement approach in South Africa
Material factor: contemporary movements into South Africa
Ideational and institutional factors: the lack of international involvement in the initial stage of refugee reception in South Africa
Ideational factors: the process of nation-building
Reframing free-settlement reception: South Africa 2011 to present
Material and institutional factors affecting the shift in refugee policy
Ideational factor affecting the shift in refugee policy: the increased securitisation of refugees in South Africa
Exclusion from the urban space
The initial stage of reception in South Africa: a slow decline to a conditional and restrictive approach
Notes
7. The urban space: post registration in South Africa
The national government and UNHCR in urban spaces post registration
Material factor: state capacity concerns in urban spaces
Material factor: the capacity of UNHCR and the global refugee regime in urban spaces
Ideational factor: a ‘generous reception’ in urban spaces
Ideational factor: the global refugee regime and urban refugees in South Africa
The effect of national-run post-registration reception in urban spaces
Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the City of Johannesburg
Decentralisation in South Africa
Ideational and institutional factors at the city level
Continuing contestation
Shift in ideational approach at the city level
Reception at the city level: a mixed bag
Post registration in South Africa: a precarious relationship between long-term guest and host
Notes
8. Conclusions and ways forward
Conceptualising reception in the refugee camp and urban spaces
Temporary versus permanent guest status
Negotiating reception: the interplay between levels of reception in urban spaces
The evolving symbiotic relationship between the refugee camp and the urban space
Reconsidering a norm implementation framework for refugee reception
Contributions to wider debates on refugee reception
Confirming the ‘democracy-asylum’ nexus
The peripheral role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies in Southern Africa
Evaluating the security and stability nexus
Implications for policy and practice relating to refugee reception
Notes
Bibliography
Index
About This Text
Refugee Reception in Southern Africa
National and Local Policies in Zambia and South Africa
Nicholas Maple
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