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Refugee Reception in Southern Africa
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table of contents
  1. Series page
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright
  4. Contents
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. List of abbreviations
  7. Introduction
    1. Disparate responses to the reception of refugees
    2. Refugee reception in Southern Africa
      1. Southern Africa as a setting for investigating refugee reception
      2. Country case study selection
      3. Potential limitations of comparative case studies
    3. The structure of the book
    4. Notes
  8. 1.  Framing refugee reception
    1. Understanding reception
      1. The ‘context of reception’ approach
        1. A multi-scalar lens
        2. Reception as a process
      2. Appraisal of the ‘context of reception’ approach
    2. How states understand refugee reception
    3. Understanding reception sites
      1. The refugee camp as a site of reception
      2. The urban space as a site of reception
      3. Links between the two reception sites
    4. The implementation of refugee reception policies
      1. Adopting the theory of norm implementation to investigate refugee reception policies
      2. A multi-scalar understanding of host states’ responses to refugees
      3. A critical reflection on the book’s conceptual framework
    5. Notes
  9. 2.  Refugee reception policies in Africa
    1. The ‘democratic-aslyum’ nexus: shifting policies to refugees in Africa
    2. The role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies
      1. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the refugee camp
      2. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the urban space
    3. The security and stability nexus
      1. Security and securitisation
        1. Direct security concerns
        2. Indirect security concerns
        3. Securitisation
      2. The concept of stability
        1. The ‘problem’ of refugees and their movement
        2. Stability and the paradox of human movement
    4. Notes
  10. 3.  Investigating state behaviour towards refugees
    1. Overarching methodological stance
    2. Research design
      1. The framing exercise, September 2016
      2. The finalised research design
    3. The data collection stage
      1. Sampling for the key informant interviews
      2. The interview process
      3. Legal and policy documents
      4. Informal interviews and symposia
    4. The analysis stage
    5. Validity, ethics and reflexivity: conducting field research in Southern Africa
      1. Validity and reliability
      2. Positionality
      3. Timing of the research
      4. Ethical considerations relating to the adopted methods
      5. Limitations of the book’s research design
    6. Notes
  11. 4.  Encampment: the maintenance of a camp-based reception in Zambia
    1. The registration of refugees in Zambia
      1. Legal framework and registration procedures in Zambia
      2. Initial reception during the registration period
    2. The encampment approach in Zambia
      1. Ideational factor: the historical legacy of the national legal framework
      2. Material factor: the capacity to receive and host refugees
        1. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in urban spaces
        2. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in border areas
        3. The separation of refugees from local populations: creating visibility for continued international support
      3. Material and ideational factors: security
        1. Direct security concerns
        2. Indirect security concerns
        3. The construction of refugees as security risks
        4. Securitisation of the ‘opposition’ in Zambia
    3. The initial stage of reception in Zambia: a case of ongoing negotiations between encampment and urban spaces
    4. Notes
  12. 5.  Encampment: post registration in Zambia
    1. Contextualising post-registration reception in Zambia
    2. The post-registration stage in Zambia: the role of the national government and UNHCR in settlements
      1. Material factor: capacity concerns
      2. Ideational factor: the ‘regime refugee’
      3. Institutional and ideational factors: divergence and contestation in approaches to the settlements
        1. The state’s ideational approach to the settlements
        2. Contestation in UNHCR’s approach to the settlements
    3. Official access to the urban space: pathways out of the settlements post registration
      1. Gate passes and urban residence permits
      2. The management of movement
      3. The temporality of access to the urban space
      4. Institutional and ideational factors: contestation and the conceptualisation of refugee movement
        1. Line ministries
        2. UNHCR and its implementing partners
        3. Commissioner for Refugees, Zambian government
    4. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the Mantapala settlement
      1. Mantapala: a ‘whole of society’ approach to refugee reception?
      2. Early warning signs: material and ideational contestation
      3. Conceptualising refugees and refugee reception outside of the camp setting: a step too far?
    5. Post registration in Zambia: a global regime and the ‘regime refugee’ confined to the camp space
    6. Notes
  13. 6.  Free settlement: the maintenance of a free-settlement reception in South Africa
    1. The registration stage in South Africa
      1. Legal framework and registration procedures
      2. The initial reception at the point of registration
    2. The free-settlement approach in South Africa
      1. Material factor: contemporary movements into South Africa
      2. Ideational and institutional factors: the lack of international involvement in the initial stage of refugee reception in South Africa
      3. Ideational factors: the process of nation-building
    3. Reframing free-settlement reception: South Africa 2011 to present
      1. Material and institutional factors affecting the shift in refugee policy
      2. Ideational factor affecting the shift in refugee policy: the increased securitisation of refugees in South Africa
      3. Exclusion from the urban space
    4. The initial stage of reception in South Africa: a slow decline to a conditional and restrictive approach
    5. Notes
  14. 7.  The urban space: post registration in South Africa
    1. The national government and UNHCR in urban spaces post registration
      1. Material factor: state capacity concerns in urban spaces
      2. Material factor: the capacity of UNHCR and the global refugee regime in urban spaces
      3. Ideational factor: a ‘generous reception’ in urban spaces
      4. Ideational factor: the global refugee regime and urban refugees in South Africa
      5. The effect of national-run post-registration reception in urban spaces
    2. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the City of Johannesburg
      1. Decentralisation in South Africa
      2. Ideational and institutional factors at the city level
      3. Continuing contestation
      4. Shift in ideational approach at the city level
      5. Reception at the city level: a mixed bag
    3. Post registration in South Africa: a precarious relationship between long-term guest and host
    4. Notes
  15. 8.  Conclusions and ways forward
    1. Conceptualising reception in the refugee camp and urban spaces
      1. Temporary versus permanent guest status
      2. Negotiating reception: the interplay between levels of reception in urban spaces
      3. The evolving symbiotic relationship between the refugee camp and the urban space
    2. Reconsidering a norm implementation framework for refugee reception
    3. Contributions to wider debates on refugee reception
      1. Confirming the ‘democracy-asylum’ nexus
      2. The peripheral role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies in Southern Africa
      3. Evaluating the security and stability nexus
    4. Implications for policy and practice relating to refugee reception
    5. Notes
  16. Bibliography
  17. Index

Contents

  1. Acknowledgements
  2. List of abbreviations
  3. Introduction
  4. Disparate responses to the reception of refugees
  5. Refugee reception in Southern Africa
  6. Southern Africa as a setting for investigating refugee reception
  7. Country case study selection
  8. Potential limitations of comparative case studies
  9. The structure of the book
  10. Notes
  11. 1.  Framing refugee reception
  12. Understanding reception
  13. The ‘context of reception’ approach
  14. A multi-scalar lens
  15. Reception as a process
  16. Appraisal of the ‘context of reception’ approach
  17. How states understand refugee reception
  18. Understanding reception sites
  19. The refugee camp as a site of reception
  20. The urban space as a site of reception
  21. Links between the two reception sites
  22. The implementation of refugee reception policies
  23. Adopting the theory of norm implementation to investigate refugee reception policies
  24. A multi-scalar understanding of host states’ responses to refugees
  25. A critical reflection on the book’s conceptual framework
  26. Notes
  27. 2.  Refugee reception policies in Africa
  28. The ‘democratic-aslyum’ nexus: shifting policies to refugees in Africa
  29. The role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies
  30. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the refugee camp
  31. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the urban space
  32. The security and stability nexus
  33. Security and securitisation
  34. Direct security concerns
  35. Indirect security concerns
  36. Securitisation
  37. The concept of stability
  38. The ‘problem’ of refugees and their movement
  39. Stability and the paradox of human movement
  40. Notes
  41. 3.  Investigating state behaviour towards refugees
  42. Overarching methodological stance
  43. Research design
  44. The framing exercise, September 2016
  45. The finalised research design
  46. The data collection stage
  47. Sampling for the key informant interviews
  48. The interview process
  49. Legal and policy documents
  50. Informal interviews and symposia
  51. The analysis stage
  52. Validity, ethics and reflexivity: conducting field research in Southern Africa
  53. Validity and reliability
  54. Positionality
  55. Timing of the research
  56. Ethical considerations relating to the adopted methods
  57. Limitations of the book’s research design
  58. Notes
  59. 4.  Encampment: the maintenance of a camp-based reception in Zambia
  60. The registration of refugees in Zambia
  61. Legal framework and registration procedures in Zambia
  62. Initial reception during the registration period
  63. The encampment approach in Zambia
  64. Ideational factor: the historical legacy of the national legal framework
  65. Material factor: the capacity to receive and host refugees
  66. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in urban spaces
  67. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in border areas
  68. The separation of refugees from local populations: creating visibility for continued international support
  69. Material and ideational factors: security
  70. Direct security concerns
  71. Indirect security concerns
  72. The construction of refugees as security risks
  73. Securitisation of the ‘opposition’ in Zambia
  74. The initial stage of reception in Zambia: a case of ongoing negotiations between encampment and urban spaces
  75. Notes
  76. 5.  Encampment: post registration in Zambia
  77. Contextualising post-registration reception in Zambia
  78. The post-registration stage in Zambia: the role of the national government and UNHCR in settlements
  79. Material factor: capacity concerns
  80. Ideational factor: the ‘regime refugee’
  81. Institutional and ideational factors: divergence and contestation in approaches to the settlements
  82. The state’s ideational approach to the settlements
  83. Contestation in UNHCR’s approach to the settlements
  84. Official access to the urban space: pathways out of the settlements post registration
  85. Gate passes and urban residence permits
  86. The management of movement
  87. The temporality of access to the urban space
  88. Institutional and ideational factors: contestation and the conceptualisation of refugee movement
  89. Line ministries
  90. UNHCR and its implementing partners
  91. Commissioner for Refugees, Zambian government
  92. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the Mantapala settlement
  93. Mantapala: a ‘whole of society’ approach to refugee reception?
  94. Early warning signs: material and ideational contestation
  95. Conceptualising refugees and refugee reception outside of the camp setting: a step too far?
  96. Post registration in Zambia: a global regime and the ‘regime refugee’ confined to the camp space
  97. Notes
  98. 6.  Free settlement: the maintenance of a free-settlement reception in South Africa
  99. The registration stage in South Africa
  100. Legal framework and registration procedures
  101. The initial reception at the point of registration
  102. The free-settlement approach in South Africa
  103. Material factor: contemporary movements into South Africa
  104. Ideational and institutional factors: the lack of international involvement in the initial stage of refugee reception in South Africa
  105. Ideational factors: the process of nation-building
  106. Reframing free-settlement reception: South Africa 2011 to present
  107. Material and institutional factors affecting the shift in refugee policy
  108. Ideational factor affecting the shift in refugee policy: the increased securitisation of refugees in South Africa
  109. Exclusion from the urban space
  110. The initial stage of reception in South Africa: a slow decline to a conditional and restrictive approach
  111. Notes
  112. 7.  The urban space: post registration in South Africa
  113. The national government and UNHCR in urban spaces post registration
  114. Material factor: state capacity concerns in urban spaces
  115. Material factor: the capacity of UNHCR and the global refugee regime in urban spaces
  116. Ideational factor: a ‘generous reception’ in urban spaces
  117. Ideational factor: the global refugee regime and urban refugees in South Africa
  118. The effect of national-run post-registration reception in urban spaces
  119. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the City of Johannesburg
  120. Decentralisation in South Africa
  121. Ideational and institutional factors at the city level
  122. Continuing contestation
  123. Shift in ideational approach at the city level
  124. Reception at the city level: a mixed bag
  125. Post registration in South Africa: a precarious relationship between long-term guest and host
  126. Notes
  127. 8.  Conclusions and ways forward
  128. Conceptualising reception in the refugee camp and urban spaces
  129. Temporary versus permanent guest status
  130. Negotiating reception: the interplay between levels of reception in urban spaces
  131. The evolving symbiotic relationship between the refugee camp and the urban space
  132. Reconsidering a norm implementation framework for refugee reception
  133. Contributions to wider debates on refugee reception
  134. Confirming the ‘democracy-asylum’ nexus
  135. The peripheral role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies in Southern Africa
  136. Evaluating the security and stability nexus
  137. Implications for policy and practice relating to refugee reception
  138. Notes
  139. Bibliography
  140. Index

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