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Refugee Reception in Southern Africa: Index

Refugee Reception in Southern Africa
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table of contents
  1. Series page
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright
  4. Contents
  5. Acknowledgements
  6. List of abbreviations
  7. Introduction
    1. Disparate responses to the reception of refugees
    2. Refugee reception in Southern Africa
      1. Southern Africa as a setting for investigating refugee reception
      2. Country case study selection
      3. Potential limitations of comparative case studies
    3. The structure of the book
    4. Notes
  8. 1.  Framing refugee reception
    1. Understanding reception
      1. The ‘context of reception’ approach
        1. A multi-scalar lens
        2. Reception as a process
      2. Appraisal of the ‘context of reception’ approach
    2. How states understand refugee reception
    3. Understanding reception sites
      1. The refugee camp as a site of reception
      2. The urban space as a site of reception
      3. Links between the two reception sites
    4. The implementation of refugee reception policies
      1. Adopting the theory of norm implementation to investigate refugee reception policies
      2. A multi-scalar understanding of host states’ responses to refugees
      3. A critical reflection on the book’s conceptual framework
    5. Notes
  9. 2.  Refugee reception policies in Africa
    1. The ‘democratic-aslyum’ nexus: shifting policies to refugees in Africa
    2. The role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies
      1. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the refugee camp
      2. Role of the global in the reception of refugees: the urban space
    3. The security and stability nexus
      1. Security and securitisation
        1. Direct security concerns
        2. Indirect security concerns
        3. Securitisation
      2. The concept of stability
        1. The ‘problem’ of refugees and their movement
        2. Stability and the paradox of human movement
    4. Notes
  10. 3.  Investigating state behaviour towards refugees
    1. Overarching methodological stance
    2. Research design
      1. The framing exercise, September 2016
      2. The finalised research design
    3. The data collection stage
      1. Sampling for the key informant interviews
      2. The interview process
      3. Legal and policy documents
      4. Informal interviews and symposia
    4. The analysis stage
    5. Validity, ethics and reflexivity: conducting field research in Southern Africa
      1. Validity and reliability
      2. Positionality
      3. Timing of the research
      4. Ethical considerations relating to the adopted methods
      5. Limitations of the book’s research design
    6. Notes
  11. 4.  Encampment: the maintenance of a camp-based reception in Zambia
    1. The registration of refugees in Zambia
      1. Legal framework and registration procedures in Zambia
      2. Initial reception during the registration period
    2. The encampment approach in Zambia
      1. Ideational factor: the historical legacy of the national legal framework
      2. Material factor: the capacity to receive and host refugees
        1. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in urban spaces
        2. The separation of refugees from local populations: capacity concerns in border areas
        3. The separation of refugees from local populations: creating visibility for continued international support
      3. Material and ideational factors: security
        1. Direct security concerns
        2. Indirect security concerns
        3. The construction of refugees as security risks
        4. Securitisation of the ‘opposition’ in Zambia
    3. The initial stage of reception in Zambia: a case of ongoing negotiations between encampment and urban spaces
    4. Notes
  12. 5.  Encampment: post registration in Zambia
    1. Contextualising post-registration reception in Zambia
    2. The post-registration stage in Zambia: the role of the national government and UNHCR in settlements
      1. Material factor: capacity concerns
      2. Ideational factor: the ‘regime refugee’
      3. Institutional and ideational factors: divergence and contestation in approaches to the settlements
        1. The state’s ideational approach to the settlements
        2. Contestation in UNHCR’s approach to the settlements
    3. Official access to the urban space: pathways out of the settlements post registration
      1. Gate passes and urban residence permits
      2. The management of movement
      3. The temporality of access to the urban space
      4. Institutional and ideational factors: contestation and the conceptualisation of refugee movement
        1. Line ministries
        2. UNHCR and its implementing partners
        3. Commissioner for Refugees, Zambian government
    4. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the Mantapala settlement
      1. Mantapala: a ‘whole of society’ approach to refugee reception?
      2. Early warning signs: material and ideational contestation
      3. Conceptualising refugees and refugee reception outside of the camp setting: a step too far?
    5. Post registration in Zambia: a global regime and the ‘regime refugee’ confined to the camp space
    6. Notes
  13. 6.  Free settlement: the maintenance of a free-settlement reception in South Africa
    1. The registration stage in South Africa
      1. Legal framework and registration procedures
      2. The initial reception at the point of registration
    2. The free-settlement approach in South Africa
      1. Material factor: contemporary movements into South Africa
      2. Ideational and institutional factors: the lack of international involvement in the initial stage of refugee reception in South Africa
      3. Ideational factors: the process of nation-building
    3. Reframing free-settlement reception: South Africa 2011 to present
      1. Material and institutional factors affecting the shift in refugee policy
      2. Ideational factor affecting the shift in refugee policy: the increased securitisation of refugees in South Africa
      3. Exclusion from the urban space
    4. The initial stage of reception in South Africa: a slow decline to a conditional and restrictive approach
    5. Notes
  14. 7.  The urban space: post registration in South Africa
    1. The national government and UNHCR in urban spaces post registration
      1. Material factor: state capacity concerns in urban spaces
      2. Material factor: the capacity of UNHCR and the global refugee regime in urban spaces
      3. Ideational factor: a ‘generous reception’ in urban spaces
      4. Ideational factor: the global refugee regime and urban refugees in South Africa
      5. The effect of national-run post-registration reception in urban spaces
    2. Contemporary shifts in refugee policy at the local level: the City of Johannesburg
      1. Decentralisation in South Africa
      2. Ideational and institutional factors at the city level
      3. Continuing contestation
      4. Shift in ideational approach at the city level
      5. Reception at the city level: a mixed bag
    3. Post registration in South Africa: a precarious relationship between long-term guest and host
    4. Notes
  15. 8.  Conclusions and ways forward
    1. Conceptualising reception in the refugee camp and urban spaces
      1. Temporary versus permanent guest status
      2. Negotiating reception: the interplay between levels of reception in urban spaces
      3. The evolving symbiotic relationship between the refugee camp and the urban space
    2. Reconsidering a norm implementation framework for refugee reception
    3. Contributions to wider debates on refugee reception
      1. Confirming the ‘democracy-asylum’ nexus
      2. The peripheral role of the global refugee regime in shaping refugee reception policies in Southern Africa
      3. Evaluating the security and stability nexus
    4. Implications for policy and practice relating to refugee reception
    5. Notes
  16. Bibliography
  17. Index

Index

A

  • African National Congress, 13, 151, 162, 164, 193–4, 197
  • African Union, 42n10
  • Agamben, Giorgio, 31–2, 51, 95, 207
  • Angola, 8, 10, 46, 92, 95, 223
  • Angolan refugees, 95, 126, 114n5, 147n34, 177n41
  • anonymity, 84–5, 185
  • Arendt, Hannah, 28, 31, 123

B

  • Bantustan, 177n39
  • border areas, 10, 13, 23, 56
  • Botswana, 8, 191

C

  • Cape Town, 157, 171–2, 180, 183, 193, 203n28
  • Caritas Zambia, 121
  • Cash Based Interventions, 121, 146n12
  • Central Africa, 7, 57, 155
  • cholera, 83
  • citizens, 63, 90, 101, 107
  • citizenship, 36, 93, 132, 162, 182
  • civil society, 8, 11–12, 68, 73, 76, 77, 85, 105, 110–11, 190–91
  • colonialism, 10, 12, 20n17, 28, 47, 104, 163, 214
  • Commission for Refugees (Zambia), 91, 94–5, 114n16, 129, 131, 136–8
  • comparative case studies, 7–15
  • compliance, 37, 94
  • Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework, 11, 54, 83, 139–40, 217
  • confidentiality, 84–5
  • constructivism, 6, 68, 69, 212
  • containment, 47, 66n9, 123, 215
  • Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), 9, 36, 38–9
  • implementation in Africa, 52–3, 55, 218
  • implementation in Zambia, 9, 91, 97
  • implementation in South Africa, 12, 151, 164
  • Copenhagen School, 59. See also securitisation
  • COVID-19 global pandemic, 225

D

  • data collection, 72–7
  • decentralisation, 48–9, 193–4
  • decolonisation, 46–8
  • ‘democracy-asylum’ nexus, 16, 46–9, 60, 64, 139, 143, 163, 199, 215–18
  • Democratic Alliance (DA), 20n20, 193
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • history, 10
  • unrest, 83, 92, 102, 114n42, 126, 138, 140
  • democratization, 47–8, 64, 163, 175
  • Department of Home Affairs (South Africa)
  • access to, 12, 75
  • ‘Backlog Project’, 161
  • capacity issues, 166
  • corruption, 167
  • and encampment, 162–3, 173
  • engagement with UNHCR, 159–61
  • generous reception, 153–4, 159, 185, 188
  • national security concerns, 169–71
  • shrinking asylum system, 13, 169–75
  • Department of Immigration (Zambia), 94–5, 134–5
  • dualism, 90, 113n2

E

  • East Africa, 7, 43, 103, 108, 187
  • employment rights of refugees, 2, 8, 13, 19, 36, 41, 90, 107, 125, 130, 140, 163, 173, 180, 199, 201
  • elections, 11, 12, 13, 47–9, 59, 108, 110, 139, 193, 194, 197, 217
  • encampment, 1, 3, 9, 16, 50–51, 56, 64
  • epistemological position, 6, 68, 212
  • Eritrean migrants and refugees, 7
  • ethical considerations, 67–8, 84–6
  • Ethiopia, 8, 155
  • Ethiopian migrants and refugees, 7
  • ethnography, 6, 68, 69
  • European Union, 42n1
  • extractivism, 82

F

  • faith-based organisations, 115n60, 173, 190–91
  • framing exercise, 69–70
  • freedom of movement, 2–3, 8, 9, 11, 13, 51, 97–8, 107, 130, 137–8, 146n29, 162
  • free-settlement, 1, 3, 12, 46–8

G

  • Gauteng province, 181, 192
  • generalisability, 14–15, 24, 80
  • Global Compact on Refugees, 11, 54, 139–40, 161, 217
  • Global Refugee Forum, 161
  • Global refugee regime
  • implementation of norms, 3, 22–3, 29, 35, 37–8
  • shaping reception policies, 28, 49–55, 112, 152–3,158–9, 175, 218–22
  • ‘regime refugee’, 123–4, 144, 188, 201, 207, 220
  • ‘urban refugee’, 187–9, 192, 209, 220–21, 225
  • Great Lakes Region, 7, 156

H

  • Hichilema, Hakainde, 12, 217
  • ‘Homelands’ 162, 177n39. See also Bantustan
  • Horn of Africa, 7, 53, 156, 187
  • hospitality, 27, 30, 33–4, 47, 94, 185
  • human agency, 18, 32, 187, 206–8, 210, 220, 224
  • human rights, 2, 47–8, 61, 64, 75, 152, 162, 164–5, 213, 215–16

I

  • integration, 19, 26–7, 139, 143, 153, 180, 195, 200, 220–21, 226. See also local integration
  • informal interviews, 68–70, 77, 86n3, 109
  • informed consent, 84–5
  • interviewing, 68, 72, 74–6, 78, 81–2, 84, 86

J

  • Johannesburg
  • economy, 181
  • Migrant Help Desk, 194–5, 197, 198
  • Migrants’ Advisory Committee, 194–5
  • migration, 12, 108, 157–8, 180–82
  • Migration Advisory Panel, 194–5, 196
  • refugee reception offices, 13, 150, 171–2
  • role of Mayor, 194–6, 197–8, 199
  • site of refugee reception, 13, 20n20, 180–83, 192–200, 209
  • xenophobia, 85, 195, 198

K

  • Kaunda, Kenneth, 46
  • Kenya, 8, 54, 107, 115n55
  • Kenyan refugee camps, 9, 32, 58
  • key informant interviews, 68, 69, 71–2, 73–6
  • Kotef, Hagar, 62–4, 223–4

L

  • legal documentation, 29, 34, 164, 179, 189–90, 195, 199–200, 210
  • local government, 3, 11, 13, 140–1, 192–200, 209, 226
  • local integration, 181, 210, 225–6
  • de facto local integration, 33
  • localised citizenship, 4, 62, 153–4, 190, 192, 210, 226
  • Lungu, Edgar, 11–13, 83, 110–11, 139–40, 217
  • Lusaka, 73, 74, 76, 83, 91, 108, 110, 121–2, 129

M

  • majority world, 20n4
  • Malawi, 8, 28
  • Mantapala refugee settlement, 11, 118, 138–43, 145, 217
  • Mashaba, Herman, 197–8, 203n44
  • Mawere, Abdon, 137–8
  • Mayukwayukwa refugee settlement, 11, 20n14, 92, 103, 122, 127, 140, 147n41
  • Meheba refugee settlement, 11, 12, 20n14, 92, 93, 103, 127–8, 140
  • Ministry of Community Development and Social Services (Zambia), 95, 120–21, 125
  • minority world, 20n4
  • mobility, 23–4, 25–6, 33, 60, 64, 206–7, 210
  • Mozambique, 10, 46, 57, 191
  • Mozambican refugees, 10, 105, 151, 155
  • multi-scalar lens, 5, 17, 24–5, 34, 39–41, 208–9, 212
  • Musina, 157, 176n24

N

  • New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, 11, 54, 83, 139–40
  • non-refoulement, 51, 151, 163

O

  • Office of the Vice President (Zambia), 91, 95, 143, 217
  • Organisation of African Unity Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, 46, 52, 90, 91, 97, 151, 164

P

  • Pan-Africanism, 11, 18, 46, 49, 139, 162–3, 165, 174–5, 217
  • path dependency, 105
  • political settlements, 47, 65n3
  • authoritarian political settlements, 11, 47–9, 60, 139, 215, 218–19
  • competitive political settlements, 48, 59–60, 183, 215–18
  • positionality, 67, 79, 81–2
  • prima facie refugee status, 91–2
  • principle of ‘do no harm’, 68, 82
  • process tracing, 214
  • provincial government, 11, 42n10, 91, 193–4, 196

Q

  • quasi-ethnographic methods, 69, 77

R

  • reception
  • as a process, 3, 15, 21, 24, 25–6, 35, 167, 201, 206, 209–10
  • ‘context of reception’ approach, 23–6, 206
  • ‘open-door’ policy in Africa, 2, 10, 28, 35, 46–7, 149, 151, 209
  • qualified welcome, 27–8, 92–3, 132–4, 174, 191–2, 207–8
  • reflexivity, 70–1
  • refoulement, 93, 163
  • refugee camps
  • in the 1980s, 3
  • academic focus, 4, 30, 90
  • armed elements, 56
  • bare life, 31–3, 90, 123, 207
  • international support, 98–9, 102–4
  • links to the urban space, 4, 34–6, 113, 118, 129, 191, 210–11
  • reception space, 28, 31–2, 211, 219–20
  • and ‘refugee warriors’, 56–7
  • security concerns, 56–8
  • and settlements, 9
  • UNHCR role, 4, 50–2, 218–22
  • refugee commodification, 66n9, 186
  • refugee definition, 28, 91, 97, 151, 164
  • refugee-led initiatives, 5
  • refugee movement, 16–19, 61–2, 216–18
  • refugee participation in research, 85–6
  • refugee status determination processes, 65n6, 91–2, 113n5, 150–51, 152–3, 159, 173
  • ‘refugee warriors’, 56–8, 105
  • regime shifting, 136, 138, 164, 188, 221
  • regime stretching, 164
  • reliability, 72, 79–81
  • repatriation, 48, 126, 151
  • research design, 67, 69–77
  • research questions, 69–73, 76, 79, 80
  • resettlement, 163, 178n70, 184, 191
  • Rwanda, 10, 105
  • Rwandan refugees, 92, 95, 107, 126, 147n34

S

  • sampling, 73–4
  • purposive sampling, 73–4
  • snowball sampling, 73–4
  • ‘secondary’ movement, 7, 53
  • security and securitisation
  • direct security concerns, 56–8, 104–6, 157, 171, 223
  • in forced migration literature, 55–60, 222
  • indirect security concerns, 55, 56–9, 104–6, 136
  • in Kenya, 58
  • migration as a security threat, 5
  • refugees as a security threat, 59–64, 223
  • securitisation theory, 16, 59–60, 222–5
  • securitisers, 60
  • in South Africa, 165, 167–71, 222–5
  • in Zambia, 104–11, 222–5
  • self reliance, 43n11, 93, 117, 121, 140, 187–8, 190, 210, 221, 226
  • social cohesion, 33, 195
  • Somalian refugees, 7, 57, 155
  • South Africa
  • 1998 Refugee Act, 18, 151–2, 155, 161, 165, 171, 174, 175, 177n26, 202n14
  • Apartheid regime, 18, 151, 159, 162–3, 169, 175, 177n29, 182, 223
  • border areas, 13, 152, 157, 162, 173
  • delays in asylum claims, 161, 166–7, 171–2, 176n22
  • immigration Act, 168, 173, 178n58
  • migrant groups, 168, 184–6
  • National Constitution, 152, 161–12, 174, 176n5, 193
  • police and law enforcement, 154, 190
  • processing centres at the border, 13, 150, 162, 173, 178n79
  • refugee camps, 155, 162–5, 191,
  • refugee reception offices, 152–3, 158, 160, 167, 171–2, 177n71
  • registration of refugees, 150–8, 160, 166–7, 172–3, 174–5
  • social assistance programmes, 182–3
  • xenophobic violence, 14, 83, 85, 163, 165, 178n70, 195, 198
  • Southern Africa
  • borders, 7
  • as a case study, 6–14
  • reception of refugees, 6–8, 41, 53, 155, 176n1
  • Southern African Development Community (SADC), 1, 7, 42n10, 105, 185
  • stability, 60–5, 171–2, 208, 210–11, 216, 222–5
  • state sovereignty, 89, 93
  • sustainable farming, 103, 121–3, 125

T

  • Tanzania, 57, 155n53, 155n55
  • Tau, Parks, 194–6
  • taxation, 100–101, 182, 193
  • thematic analysis, 78–9
  • travel documents, 2, 131, 172
  • triangulation, 67, 72, 81
  • theory of norm implementation
  • adapting to refugee reception policies, 5, 15–16, 36–9, 212–15
  • as a conceptual framework, 71, 212–15
  • the heuristic tripartite model, 37–9, 41–2, 212–13

U

  • Uganda, 8, 54, 176n24
  • Ugandan refugee camps, 9
  • United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
  • academic focus, 4, 50–5, 218–19
  • conditional welcome, 28, 31–2, 219–22
  • implementing partners, 108, 124, 135–6, 176n9, 184, 191, 220, 227n8
  • role in Africa, 50–5
  • South Africa, 12, 151, 158–61, 183–5, 187–9, 200, 202n11, 209, 219–22
  • urban policy, 53–6, 187, 202n19
  • Zambia, 9, 96, 113n5; 113n6, 115n49, 120–4, 125–8, 135–6, 219–22
  • urban space
  • academic focus, 4–5, 30–1, 32–3, 219
  • indirect security concerns, 57–9, 169
  • links to refugee camps, 4, 34–6, 113, 210–11
  • reception space, 33–4, 208–10, 220–21
  • sanctuary cities, 34, 199
  • urbanisation, 4, 33, 43, 53, 107, 216

V

  • validity, 41, 72, 79–81
  • vulnerability, 121, 125, 146n12, 176n9, 184, 187

W

  • Western Cape, 193–4

X

  • xenophobia, 14, 48, 59, 83, 106, 163, 174, 209

Z

  • Zambia
  • the 1970 Refugee (Control) Act, 90, 94–8, 104–5, 134–5
  • access to urban area, 98, 99–101, 108–9
  • border areas, 94, 99, 101–2, 104, 106, 109, 138
  • border crossings, 91, 106, 108
  • as a case study, 9–12
  • elections, 12, 108, 110, 139, 217
  • gate passes, 96, 122, 128–34, 143, 147n36, 209
  • independence, 10
  • legal framework relating to refugees, 90–2, 94–7
  • National Development Plans, 120, 146n3
  • police and law enforcement, 91, 95, 97
  • Refugees Act No.1 of 2017, 91, 94–8, 114n14, 134, 147n40; n49
  • registration of refugees, 90–4
  • strategic framework for the local integration of former refugees, 114n15, 147n34
  • urban residence permits, 92, 96, 128–34
  • xenophobia, 108, 122
  • Zambia Initiative, 147n41
  • Zimbabwe, 10, 105, 156–7, 176n22, 176n24, 223
  • Zimbabwean migrants
  • treatment in South Africa, 12, 156–8, 163–4
  • Zimbabwean Dispensation Permit, 156, 164
  • Zimbabwean Exemption Permit, 164, 177n44
  • Zimbabwean Special Dispensation Permit, 164

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